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161.
Port authorities generally focus on the development of the local port area and play a minor role in the development of port hinterlands, whereas shippers, forwarders, barge and rail operators have always been involved in the port-hinterland connection. The increasing importance of intermodal hinterland networks for the competitive position of ports has urged port authorities to become active in the hinterland. This new role has already been suggested by different academics. However, limited empirical evidence exists of port authorities taking stakes in inland terminals or developing transport services. Barcelona, as one of the leading port authorities in this respect, is used as a case study in this paper. The case study provides insight in the components and execution of the hinterland strategy of Barcelona. It shows that the strategy of the port authority of Barcelona and the consequent active involvement in the hinterland has had a significant impact on attracting container volumes from distant hinterlands and improving the accessibility of the port. 相似文献
162.
André de Palma Robin Lindsey 《Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies》2011,19(6):1377-1399
This paper reviews the methods and technologies for congestion pricing of roads. Congestion tolls can be implemented at scales ranging from individual lanes on single links to national road networks. Tolls can be differentiated by time of day, road type and vehicle characteristics, and even set in real time according to current traffic conditions. Conventional toll booths have largely given way to electronic toll collection technologies. The main technology categories are roadside-only systems employing digital photography, tag & beacon systems that use short-range microwave technology, and in-vehicle-only systems based on either satellite or cellular network communications. The best technology choice depends on the application. The rate at which congestion pricing is implemented, and its ultimate scope, will depend on what technology is used and on what other functions and services it can perform. 相似文献
163.
Sabine Knapp Michel van de Velden 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2011,16(8):595-603
This article uses visualization techniques to investigate global ship risk profiles and their changes over time. With a unique data set of 49,151 observations, the authors link changes in risk profiles to legislative developments and industry actions, as well as identify areas prone to general safety, loss of life, and pollution risks. Improved risk profiles over time have resulted from legislative measures, including the International Safety Management Code, the Oil Pollution Act, amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the introduction of port state controls and industry vetting inspections. 相似文献
165.
166.
L. F. P. Etman R. C. N. Vermeulen J. G. A. M. Van Heck A. J. G. Schoofs D. H. Van Campen 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2003,38(2):85-101
Summary A stroke dependent damper is designed for the front axle suspension of a truck. The damper supplies extra damping for inward deflections rising above 4 cm. In this way the damper should reduce extreme suspension deflections without deteriorating the comfort of the truck. But the question is which stroke dependent damping curve yields the best compromise between suspension deflection working space and comfort. Therefore an optimization problem is defined to minimize the maximum inward suspension deflection subject to constraints on the chassis acceleration for three typical road undulations. The optimization problem is solved using sequential linear programming (SLP) and multibody dynamics simulation software. Several optimization runs have been carried out for a small two degree of freedom vehicle model and a large full-scale model of the truck semi-trailer combination. The results show that the stroke dependent damping can reduce large deflections at incidental road disturbances, but that the optimum stroke dependent damping curve is related to the acceleration bound. By means of vehicle model simulation and numerical optimization we have been able to quantify this trade-off between suspension deflection working space and truck comfort. 相似文献
167.
Benjamin Esterl Torsten Butz Bernd Simeon Bernhard Burgermeister - Email: 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2007,45(9):819-834
The real-time simulation of vehicle trains requires an accurate and numerically feasible representation of the vehicle-trailer coupling. Although the equations of motion for the chassis instances can be reduced to systems of ordinary differential equations, additional constraints on the relative motion of vehicle and trailer are introduced when considering the hitch. In this article, we present a strategy for the simulation of vehicle-trailer combinations, where the algebraic constraints of the coupling are treated explicitly. Although this approach allows exact modeling of the respective joint geometry and realistic calculation of the coupling forces, a suitable numerical algorithm is required in order to solve the resulting differential-algebraic system of index 3 in real-time. The implementation in a commercial vehicle dynamics program is discussed and real-time simulation results are shown, which prove its feasibility for different coupling joints and demanding driving maneuvers. 相似文献
168.
Van der Sluis Francis Van Dongen Tom Van Spijk Gert-Jan Van der Velde Arie Van Heeswijk 张辉 《汽车技术》2006,(11):1-4
参考CVT装在一辆奔驰A190车辆上,在3个测试循环及两种恒速状态下,通过认可的方法对油耗进行测量。表2所示的是采用绝对安全系数Sfabs=1.3的目前策略与新的控制策略之间的减少量。 相似文献
169.
Peter W. de Langen 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2008,7(1):5-16
The quality and availability of labour is important for the performance of ports. Insights from cluster theories are relevant for analysing training and education in ports, as ports can be regarded as clusters. In general, labour in clusters is relatively mobile, education services in clusters are relatively good and employees have a high willingness to invest in specific skills. However, skilled and talented labour still may be scarce, especially in regions with tight labour markets. Thus, in many clusters, including port clusters, firms and governments actively aim to improve the quality of labour. This paper presents an analysis of these efforts of firms and governments to improve the quality of the labour force in three seaport clusters. In this paper the concept of a ‘training and education regime’ is presented as an approach to analyse efforts of firms and governments to improve the quality and availability of labour. Important results of three case studies include first, the observation that the quality of training and education regime differs substantially between clusters. Second, the presence of aregime manager in Rotterdam adds to the quality of Rotterdam’s training and education regime. Such an organisation may be effective across countries and clusters. Finally, the presence ofleader firms, willing to invest in training and education also improves an education regime. 相似文献
170.
Although panels offer significant advantages over cross sectional data especially in terms of evaluating the effects of significant
policy changes, there are precious few examples of panels built around an important change to an urban transport system. For
this reason we took the opportunity of the introduction of Transantiago, a radically new public transport system for Santiago
de Chile in February 2007, to form a panel, the first wave of which was taken in December 2006. The final objective was to
use this Santiago Panel to estimate mode choice models considering both inertia and policy effects. This document describes both the design and construction
of the panel, and presents some results based on an analysis of its four waves; for example, we registered a high percentage
of mode change (55.1%) attributable to the introduction of the new system. The panel can claim the highest response rate (or
lowest attrition) reported in the literature (95% in the second wave, 92% in the third one, and 85% in the forth one). This
hints at the possibility of developing sophisticated models to evaluate the effects of a system shock in the presence of inertia
in decision making. 相似文献