九世纪初连结中国与波斯湾的外销瓷:勿里洞沉船的例证

公元8-9世纪亚洲商业贸易非常活跃.中国与西亚之间不仅通过陆上丝绸之路进行贸易往来,而且开辟了海路新航线.通过海上和陆上丝绸之路,中国与西亚各国不断进行双向交流.沉没于印尼海域的勿里洞阿拉伯沉船,首次以大量生动的艺术品证据,印证这一时期中国与波斯湾之间活跃的商业往来和文化交流.勿里洞阿拉伯沉船上出土的文物有60 000多件,其中98%是陶瓷.这些陶瓷烧造于中国各窑口,但器物上的装饰具有明显的伊斯兰元素,是以伊斯兰工艺品为模板,为迎合伊斯兰市场制作的.它们得自进口的伊斯兰艺术品灵感,被复制于陶瓷上,又出口回波斯湾,完成了艺术制作上一个有趣的循环.     

Shipping line networks and the integration of South America trades

One recent transformation of liner shipping is the entry of leading carriers into north-south markets. This paper aims to test the commonly held proposition that global shipping lines entered north-south markets to feed more cargo on their established east-west services. This proposition arises out of: (1) predominant models of transport networks evolution which emphasize the influence of hubs, and (2) lines' strategy of commissioning larger vessels for east-west routes. In this perspective, the expansion of networks to southern economies serves specifically to bring more cargo on main routes to ensure volumes are sufficient to generate the desired economies of scale. This paper analyses the changing configurations of South American services. Results show that by 1999 leading shipping lines were offering direct services to all major trade ranges from the region, and numerous US loops were added to the already established European and Asian services. These new services involved multiple ports in the US; running in parallel with east-west services over a large part of the American coasts. The paper concludes that global shipping lines entered the South American market by setting up services typically configured to serve trades between North and South America; not to feed established main routes.     

Coastal Erosion in Ghana: Causes,Policies, and Management

Coastal erosion is a serious problem that affects the safety and livelihoods of many coastal dwellers along Ghana's coast. Despite the fact that coastal erosion is a natural phenomenon, erosion trends have been largely aggravated by human-induced factors. This study analyzed shoreline change rates for three neighbouring coastal communities in the Central region of Ghana; Elmina, Cape Coast and Moree. Two epochs were analyzed, 1974–2012 (medium-term) and 2005–2012 (short-term), using ArcGIS and Digital Shoreline Analysis System. Overall, the entire study area recorded average shoreline change rates of ?1.24 myear^?1 and ?0.85 myear^?1 in the medium-term and short-term period respectively. Less consolidated shoreline segments recorded higher erosion rates in both periods while cliffs and rocky segments experienced very little erosion or high stability. Because shorelines undergoing chronic erosion do not fully recover after short-term erosion events such as storms, facilities located close to such shorelines are threatened. Taking a proactive approach to coastal erosion management, such as coastal sand mining prevention, inter-sectoral land use management and adopting a construction setback approach may be prudent for the long-term management of the coast since this recognizes future shoreline changes and safeguards coastal landscape for other uses.     

Ichthyoplankton in the neritic and coastal zone of Antarctica and Subantarctic islands: A review

Since the article published by Loeb et al. [Loeb, V.J., Kellermann, A., Koubbi, P., North, A.W., White, M., 1993. Antarctic larval fish assemblages: a review. Bull. Mar. Sci. 53(2), 416–449.] about Antarctic ichthyoplankton, many surveys were carried out in different sectors of the Southern Ocean focusing on different aspects of the ecology of fish larvae. Some of these researches were conducted in the Subantarctic Kerguelen Islands and others on the continental shelf off Terre Adélie and Georges V land. Oceanographic and geographic features influence fish larvae ecology such as island mass effects, gyres, canyons. Antarctic fishes show also temporal segregation of spawning which induces temporal succession of early stage larvae. This avoids competition and probably the predation on early stages for species having few recruits. In that case, we have to understand how these larvae can deal with the match–mismatch with their preys and how they find sufficient food to survive. But our knowledge on Antarctic fish larvae is still insufficient as we do not know larvae for quite a lot of species and because of the difficulty to sample during winter.     

On the convergence of the algorithm for bilevel programming problems by Clegg and Smith

In Clegg and Smith [Transportation Research B 35 (2001) 71–82] and Battye et al. [in: M. Patriksson, M. Labbe (Eds.), Transportation Planning – State of the Art, Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation, Gothenburg, Sweden, September 9–11, 1998, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht], Smith and colleagues present an algorithm for solving the bilevel programming problem. We show that the points reached by the algorithm are not stationary points of bilevel programs in general. We further show that, with a minor modification, this method can be expressed as an inexact penalty method for gap function-constrained bilevel programs.     

法兰克福车展速报——新概念抢先报道

全新微型通勤车在今年的法兰克福车展上,最惹眼的新潮流莫过于三大德系车欧宝、奥迪、大众的表现了:这三个一向较为传统、保守的品牌,偏偏这次一反常态,分别推出了集趣味性、玩具外形、可靠的动力潜能等特点于一身的概念车。这里我们谈的是真正的个人出行工具——车轮外凸的微型通勤车,以轻质量车身为傲,其中,大众的Nils只能容一人(但你的便当也塞得下哦),     

设计师的手表

一块腕表能够表现其主人的风格,所以在2011法兰克福车展上,我们采访了数十位世界顶级的汽车设计师,寻访了他们的手表以及各自选择时的理由。这里给大家出个难题,你能把手表和相应的汽车设计师正确联系起来吗?