2019年国际海事组织大事记

2019年对于国际海事组织(IMO)来说是充满挑战、富有成效的一年,其工作成果覆盖了海上航行安全、海上环境保护、海上便利运输等各个领域,并且在“为海事界女性增权赋能”方面开展了扎实的工作。本文对2019年IMO的各项工作成果简要回顾如下:一、海上航行安全(一)渔船安全公约批约获得重大进展10月21日至23日,主题为“渔船安全和打击非法、未报告及无管制(IUU)捕捞”的部长级会议在西班牙举行。会议由西班牙政府、联合国粮农组织(FAO)和皮尤慈善信托基金会联合主办,来自120个国家和30个国际组织的约70名部长级代表及约500名代表参加了会议。     

Activity involvement and time spent on computers for leisure: an econometric analysis on the American Time Use Survey dataset

Internet is capturing more and more of our time each day, and the increasing levels of engagement are mainly due to the use of social media. Time spent on social media is observed in the American Time Use Survey and recorded as leisure time on Personal Computer (PC). In this paper, we extend the traditional analysis of leisure activity participation by including leisure activities that require the use of a PC. We study the substitution effects with both in-home and out-of-home leisure activities and the time budget allocated to each of them. The modeling framework that includes both discrete alternatives and continuous decision variables allow for full correlation across the utility of the alternatives that are all of leisure type and the regressions that model the time allocated to each activity. Results show that there is little substitution effect between leisure with PC and the relative time spent on it, with in-home and out-of-home leisure episodes. Households with more children and full-time workers are more likely to engage in in-home and PC related leisure activities (especially during weekends). Increments in the travel time of social trips result in significant reductions in leisure time during weekdays.     

隧道开挖中的应力旋转和裂隙塑性变形问题研究

通过对隧道开挖过程进行三维数值模拟,分析了隧道开挖过程中主应力方向的旋转变化,研究了主应力旋转与隧道裂隙塑性变形的关系,验证了"考虑应力主轴旋转的广义塑性原理"的正确性,并将数值模拟结果和相关试验成果进行了对比,得出了一致性的结论。研究结果表明,应力旋转基本在隧道开挖前后10 m左右的距离内完成,隧道开挖过程中的应力旋转可以引起裂隙塑性变形的突变,且对竖向和斜向裂隙的影响较大;可以根据应力旋转的变化规律合理地选择支护时机,依据应力旋转对裂隙的影响对隧道的重点部位进行超前加固。     

大型地下互通式立交型式选择和路线标准研究

文章通过对地下和地面立交对比分析,给出了三路和四路地下立体交叉的几种立交型式建议;并从造价和行车安全的角度,给出了地下立交分岔隧道的部分路线标准确定方法。在地下隧道立交的选型中,应尽量选取少交叉口、少叠交层次和行车视距较好的型式。在路线标准的选择中,尤其要注意满足运营速度下的停车视距,以保障行车安全。在考虑安全因素的同时,经济性和工程造价也是决定隧道型式和路线标准的重要因素。     

热插拔控制器在汽车电路中的应用

介绍一种用于汽车这种具有强电源干扰环境的热插拔控制器。它既能够为微控制器提供干净稳定的电源,又能保证在自身模块更换时不对蓄电池电源造成干扰。     

爆破振动对宋家湾隧道施工的影响

为评价在生产常规作业阶段爆破施工方式对隧道结构的影响,对宋家湾隧道爆破振动进行监测,以获取主振频率,最终以频率和振动速度2个指标评估隧道爆破作业振动效应.本次爆破的最大振动速度为3.1 cm/s,主振频率范围为27.34～70.31 Hz,最大振动速度远小于国家标准.可知对隧道支护结构影响有限频率范围为27.34～70.31 Hz,远高于隧道的自振频率(一般在3～9 Hz范围内),不会出现共振放大现象.     

拧紧扳手凸轮轴自动变位装置研发与设计

文章介绍了拧紧扳手凸轮轴自动变位装置的工作原理和制造目标。简述了实现拧紧扳手凸轮轴自动变位装置制造目标的结构:凸轮轴自动变位模块、电气控制模块、误差调整模块等。给出了拧紧扳手凸轮轴自动变位装置发展趋势,对汽车发动机自动化装配生产线的研发具有重要的参考价值。     

Study of an optimized gas strut layout to improve opening and closing quality

The most important factor in gas strut design is determining an optimized layout. If the layout is not optimized, vehicle operators will have a suboptimal experience when opening and closing the tailgate. A poor layout of the gas struts causes operators to work excessively when they open/close the tailgate, and vehicle owners will incur additional expenses due to deterioration in the body quality of the vehicle. Thus, an optimized gas strut layout is very important, even if it does not seem interesting. This paper describes the tailgate operation process and focuses on determining an optimized gas strut layout for opening/closing the tailgate easily.     

High-strain-rate fracture of adhesively bonded composite joints in DCB and TDCB specimens

Double-cantilever beam (DCB) and tapered double-cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens are the test configurations most commonly used to measure the fracture toughness of composites and adhesive joints. Strain rates of 1 to 18.47 m/s were applied to the test specimens via high-speed hydraulic test equipment. Because the fracture occurs through the adhesively bonded joints and the cracks grow rapidly, the crack length and beam displacement were recorded by a high-speed camera. An energy range from 0 to 10 J was often observed in the high-strain-rate fracture experiments for nonlinear plastic behavior of the dynamically loaded adhesively bonded DCB and TDCB specimens. The range of energy release rates (fracture energy) for TDCB specimen was 2 to 3 times higher than that of a DCB specimen for all high strain rates. The fracture energy of automotive adhesive joints can be estimated using the experimental results in this study for the fracture toughness (G_IC) under high rates of loading. The crack grows as the applied fracture energy exceeds the value of the critical energy release rate (G_IC) at the crack tip. The energy release rate was calculated using the fracture mechanics formula. The key fracture mechanics parameter, the fracture energy GIC, was ascertained as a function of the test rate and can be used to assess and model the overall joint performance.