The Horsepower Reserve Formulation of Driveability for a Vehicle Fitted With a Continuously Variable Transmission

Summary A systematic methodology is developed for choosing the optimum ratio trajectory of a continuously variable transmission in a passenger vehicle. The optimum CVT ratio schedule is formulated as a constrained optimization problem with maximum fuel economy as the objective function and driveability concerns and physical limitations included as the constraints. The key notion to achieving good driveability is the introduction and definition of a horsepower reserve function that creates a consistent and desirable vehicle response under different driving conditions. Simulation results compare the optimized schedule's performance with several other possible ratio schedules, including the minimum brake specific fuel consumption map. Results from the optimized schedule indicate only a mild tradeoff between driveability and fuel economy relative to the other ratio schedules. The ratio optimization problem formulation and solution provide a novel and unique approach for systematically addressing driveability and fuel economy considerations associated with a continuously variable transmission.     

自动识别系统（AIS）性能综合评价

自动识别系统（AIS）将为船舶交通服务提供新的船舶动态监测与识别手段。文章以通信协议为脉络,全面地比较评估了最具代表性的两种AIS系统在信道利用率、差错控制性能、吞吐率以及监测容量等方面的优劣,进而提出改进AIS技术的思路。     

Reducing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> from cars in the European Union

The European Union (EU) recently adopted CO₂ emissions mandates for new passenger cars, requiring steady reductions to 95 gCO₂/km in 2021. We use a multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which includes a private transportation sector with an empirically-based parameterization of the relationship between income growth and demand for vehicle miles traveled. The model also includes representation of fleet turnover, and opportunities for fuel use and emissions abatement, including representation of electric vehicles. We analyze the impact of the mandates on oil demand, CO₂ emissions, and economic welfare, and compare the results to an emission trading scenario that achieves identical emissions reductions. We find that vehicle emission standards reduce CO₂ emissions from transportation by about 50 MtCO₂ and lower the oil expenditures by about €6 billion, but at a net added cost of €12 billion in 2020. Tightening CO₂ standards further after 2021 would cost the EU economy an additional €24–63 billion in 2025, compared with an emission trading system that achieves the same economy-wide CO₂ reduction. We offer a discussion of the design features for incorporating transport into the emission trading system.     

Decision to lease outer continental Shelf Lands

Abstract

The process by which a decision is made in many instances limits and shapes the form of that decision. The institutions involved, the timing of their involvement, and the ultimate goal of the process itself are integral factors in determining the substance of a decision. It is the thesis of this paper that the decision to lease areas of our Outer Continental Shelf is determined more by the process of making that decision than by any other factor. This thesis is explored from an historical and an analytical perspective and the conclusion drawn is that the present leasing process limits the scope of alternative decisions. For although the Department of the Interior has demonstrated an increased sensitivity to a broad spectrum of environmental and economic issues in the micro‐decision process, such as specific tract nominations and oil spill prevention, they have remained reluctant to apply this sensitivity to the macro‐decision process, that process which determines the optimal utilization of our ocean and land resources.     

纽约市地下物流可行性研究及对世界其他主要城市的启示

在纽约州能源与发展局的资助下。纽约市最近完成了基于风力舱体管道（以下简称PCP）技术的地下物流技术与经济的可行性研究。主要内容包括6个方面：（1）地下隧道中的原料运送;（2）固体废物运往城外处理和再利用：（3）在纽约和华盛顿特区之间传递邮件和包裹;（4）用板条箱、普通的箱子或袋子运送货物;（5）在海港与内陆的处理或检查站之间运输集装箱：（6）解决位于纽约亨特地区大型食品市场的卡车进出问题。研究发现上述6方面的应用在技术上是可行的,前5个应用在经济上是可行的。以上提到的这些应用在将来不仅可以为纽约带来经济上的繁荣。降低货物运输的成本,还可以降低由于卡车运输带来的大多数问题,如交通堵塞、交通事故、噪声、空气污染和汽车炸弹。文章首先介绍了纽约城市管道货物运输的概况,然后讨论了它对其他城市的启示。城市地下物流的主要问题包括：建设问题、安全性及环境影响等。该文给致力于在城市区域内通过地下管道与地下道路来运送货物的交通规划者提供必要信息。     

Determinants of the probability of default: the case of the internationally listed shipping corporations

In this study, we use a sample of 192 listed shipping companies and employ a logit model in order to investigate the determinants of the probability of default. We enhance our analysis by isolating not only the cases of company liquidations but also those cases where companies had to change their legal status due to warning liquidity signals. Our key findings are in line with prior research and moreover we depict a changing trend in the marginal effects of relevant variables, on the probability of default. We further show, through an empirical application, how the obtained results can be used in a managerial decision-making process and in a bank credit underwriting process in order to assess the creditworthiness of a shipping company.     

Algorithm fusion method to enhance automatic incident detection on Melbourne freeways

This paper addresses the transferability issue faced by many practitioners in developing an effective and efficient automatic incident detection algorithm for different freeways. An algorithm fusion procedure developed for the Central Expressway in Singapore is evaluated to demonstrate its transferability potential in detecting lane-blocking incidents along freeways in Melbourne, Australia. This study observes that the flow-based algorithm fusion options that use a set of different detection threshold values for various pre-incident traffic flow conditions possess promising transferability potential. They give a reasonably high detection rate of above 80% with false alarm rate levels below 0.2% with mean-time-to-detect values less than 150 seconds. These flow-based algorithm fusion options significantly outperform a model specifically developed for traffic conditions on freeways in Melbourne. In conclusion, this method is capable of providing an alternative to the commonly practiced methods in detecting incidents along different sites.     

美国货车制动机(待续)

阐述了美国货车制动机发展的历程，并对各个时期制动机的改进作了较详细的论述。     

A virtual vehicle probe model for time-dependent travel time estimation on signalized arterials

Estimation of time-dependent arterial travel time is a challenging task because of the interrupted nature of urban traffic flows. Many research efforts have been devoted to this topic, but their successes are limited and most of them can only be used for offline purposes due to the limited availability of traffic data from signalized intersections. In this paper, we describe a real-time arterial data collection and archival system developed at the University of Minnesota, followed by an innovative algorithm for time-dependent arterial travel time estimation using the archived traffic data. The data collection system simultaneously collects high-resolution “event-based” traffic data including every vehicle actuations over loop detector and every signal phase changes from multiple intersections. Using the “event-based” data, we estimate time-dependent travel time along an arterial by tracing a virtual probe vehicle. At each time step, the virtual probe has three possible maneuvers: acceleration, deceleration and no-speed-change. The maneuver decision is determined by its own status and surrounding traffic conditions, which can be estimated based on the availability of traffic data at intersections. An interesting property of the proposed model is that travel time estimation errors can be self-corrected, because the trajectory differences between a virtual probe vehicle and a real one can be reduced when both vehicles meet a red signal phase and/or a vehicle queue. Field studies at a 11-intersection arterial corridor along France Avenue in Minneapolis, MN, demonstrate that the proposed model can generate accurate time-dependent travel times under various traffic conditions.