层状岩体不同倾角对高地应力隧道稳定性影响分析

以层状岩体高地应力隧道为工程背景,采用数值模拟的方法,分析层状岩体的不同倾角对高地应力隧道稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：高地应力隧道相对于普通地应力隧道,其支护结构承受的荷载更大,隧道的稳定性问题更加突出;在25°～65°范围内,锚杆轴力随岩层倾角增大而增大的趋势明显。结合分析结果,通过将锚杆与岩层大角度相交,使多层岩体串联,从而增大了岩体层间阻力,减小了层间剪切错动的可能性,使锚杆充分发挥销钉的作用,减小了支护结构受力,增强了隧道围岩的稳定性。     

Development of a Remotely Controlled Testing Platform with Low-drag Air-ventilated Hull

This paper addresses the development and testing of a remotely controlled boat platform with an innovative air-ventilated hull. The application of air cavities on the underside of ship hulls is a promi...     

Estimates of Southern Ocean primary production—constraints from predator carbon demand and nutrient drawdown

In view of the wide range of estimates for the total primary production for the Southern Ocean south of the Subantarctic Front—current estimates range from 1.2 to 3.5 Gtonne C year⁻¹—we have examined two indirect methods for assessing primary production. First, we have estimated the primary production needed to sustain the carbon requirements of the endotherm top predators in the ecosystem. Estimation of the carbon requirements for crabeater seals of about 7 Mtonne C year⁻¹ is extrapolated to a value for all endotherm predators of 15–30 Mtonne C year⁻¹. Current data indicate that 70–80% of the diet of this suite of predators is zooplankton (predominantly the euphausiid krill), making for highly efficient transfer from primary production to top predators. Our best estimate of Southern Ocean primary production by this method is of the order of 1.7 Gtonne C year⁻¹, or an averaged areal primary production of about 30–40 g C m⁻² year⁻¹. Our second approach is to estimate primary production from the drawdown of inorganic nutrients, based on the limited suite of studies from which an annual nutrient deficit can be calculated. Again, this indicates annual primary production of the order of 1.5 Gtonne. Although both methods have inherent uncertainties, taken together they provide a relatively robust constraint on annual primary production. For both methods to underestimate primary production by the 1–1.5 Gtonne C implied by the higher current estimates, carbon export from the Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystem would need to be much higher than is normally found in other oceans.     

Dynamical correction of control laws for marine ships’ accurate steering

The objective of this work is the analytical synthesis problem for marine vehicles autopilots design. Despite numerous known methods for a solution, the mentioned problem is very complicated due to the presence of an extensive population of certain dynamical conditions, requirements and restrictions, which must be satisfied by the appropriate choice of a steering control law. The aim of this paper is to simplify the procedure of the synthesis, providing accurate steering with desirable dynamics of the control system. The approach proposed here is based on the usage of a special unified multipurpose control law structure that allows decoupling a synthesis into simpler particular optimization problems. In particular, this structure includes a dynamical corrector to support the desirable features for the vehicle＇s motion under the action of sea wave disturbances. As a result, a specialized new method for the corrector design is proposed to provide an accurate steering or a trade-off between accurate steering and economical steering of the ship. This method guaranties a certain flexibility of the control law with respect to an actual environment of the sailing;its corresponding turning can be realized in real time onboard.     

Book Review

Vehicle Replacement — A Management Guide. By John E. Sussams. (Gower, 1983.) [Pp. 102.] £19.50.     

Discontinuities in Priorities and Policies in the Development of a Regional Fishery in Scotland

The dilemmas of competing priorities in a development situation are examined in terms of the impact of a highly commercial lobster fishery on a small-scale traditional fishery in the outer Hebrides, Scotland. United Kingdom Government policy in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is aime at retaining population in marginal areas, and do this end a considerable capital investment has been made in buildings up the Hebridean lobster fishery. These policy priorities, however, are unaccompanied by any policy of resource management or conversation. The presence of a highly commercial fishery in the area thus results not only in a depletion of the lobster stocks but endangers the long-term benefits of the initial Government investment. The different work cycles ans gross earnings of the two fisheries are compared and suggestions are made as to alternative policies that would ensure the future viability of the newly developed regional fishery.