城市自来水厂沉淀池积泥规律与排泥控制研究

水厂沉淀池排泥是保障水处理工艺运行的一个重要环节,排泥水量是水厂自用水的主要组成部分,排泥设备的优化运行对处理效能及节水降耗有着重要影响。利用超声波泥位计测定和传统污泥浓度法间接校正相结合的方法,对南京某水厂沉淀池的污泥沉降曲线进行研究,通过考察沉淀池积泥高度进出水区较高,中间较低这一变化规律,提出先对前32m进行排泥,再对全程进行排泥这样的优化运行方式。     

鱼雷作战仿真系统中鱼雷联邦成员的设计

针对鱼雷武器作战分布交互仿真的需求，给出了鱼雷节点框架的设计思路和实现方法，实现了模型、接口、界面的分离，增强了鱼雷武器模型的可扩展性和可重构性；开发出鱼雷武器模型的基础类库和相关数据库，从而有利于用户对鱼雷模型的修改和维护。运行结果表明，经过上述改造的仿真系统运行稳定，为工程研制人员提供了友好的仿真软件。     

对船舶操纵性标准的急迫需求——休斯敦水道实船操纵性试航的经验

我认为,造船师和轮机师考虑海上环境设计的船舶,它们99.9%的时间在海上渡过。但他们忘了,这些船舶还必须进入河道装卸货物。当某件引起公众高度关注的事故发生,船舶建造者或许会进入公众视线,发现他们犯有疏忽罪,要为建造了动力不足和操纵不良的船舶负责。一位引航员的观点国际     

Special issue: Importance of public transport

The transport demand in most major cities around the world can only be met with a high‐quality public transport system. The requirements on bus, rail, underground and tram systems are manifold with reliability and efficiency as the key factors. The service operating hours and the size of the network are often extended in order to serve the needs better. Further, most metropolitan areas are trying to provide more incentives for citizens to leave the car at home and use the local transit systems instead. The reasons are well known. Not only does a public transport system only make economical sense if it is well used, but most urban areas with a high car‐dependency face at least three major problems; safety, congestion, and pollution (noise and air pollution, land separation, etc.). It is generally recognised that to decrease car usage and to increase public transport usage a stick & carrot approach is needed. The London congestion‐charging scheme is an example since all revenues collected by the scheme are put into the improvement of bus and underground services.     

A macroscopic theory of two-lane rural roads

A macroscopic theory for predicting the operation on two-lane, two-way roads is proposed. In this theory, the interaction between fast and slow vehicles obeys Newell’s kinematic wave theory of moving bottlenecks. Calibration is not required as all parameters are fully observable. Closed-form expressions for the capacity, average speed, percent time spent following and overtaking rates are proposed and the biases of current practice are identified. Comparisons between the proposed theory and empirical data are also included.     

Quantifying uncertainty in high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem models

Marine ecosystem models are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, and are being used to estimate the effects of future changes in the earth system with a view to informing important policy decisions. Despite their potential importance, far too little attention has been, and is generally, paid to model errors and the extent to which model outputs actually relate to real-world processes. With the increasing complexity of the models themselves comes an increasing complexity among model results. If we are to develop useful modelling tools for the marine environment we need to be able to understand and quantify the uncertainties inherent in the simulations. Analysing errors within highly multivariate model outputs, and relating them to even more complex and multivariate observational data, are not trivial tasks. Here we describe the application of a series of techniques, including a 2-stage self-organising map (SOM), non-parametric multivariate analysis, and error statistics, to a complex spatio-temporal model run for the period 1988–1989 in the Southern North Sea, coinciding with the North Sea Project which collected a wealth of observational data. We use model output, large spatio-temporally resolved data sets and a combination of methodologies (SOM, MDS, uncertainty metrics) to simplify the problem and to provide tractable information on model performance. The use of a SOM as a clustering tool allows us to simplify the dimensions of the problem while the use of MDS on independent data grouped according to the SOM classification allows us to validate the SOM. The combination of classification and uncertainty metrics allows us to pinpoint the variables and associated processes which require attention in each region. We recommend the use of this combination of techniques for simplifying complex comparisons of model outputs with real data, and analysis of error distributions.     

谐波对牵引变压器损耗的影响

根据一个牵引变压器的损耗,提出了谐波对绕组电阻的影响.对同心式和饼式线圈的变压器进行了分析.使用二维有限元计算软件"Flux2D"进行了多种仿真,并且将其结果与实际变压器测量值进行对比,提出一个简单的定律,由此可确定2种不同类型变压器电阻随频率的变化规律.     

Validation of a schedule‐based capacity restraint transit assignment model for a large‐scale network

This paper describes the application of a capacity restraint trip assignment algorithm to a real, large‐scale transit network and the validation of the results. Unlike the conventional frequency‐based approach, the network formulation of the proposed model is dynamic and schedule‐based. Transit vehicles are assumed to operate to a set of pre‐determined schedules. Passengers are assumed to select paths based on a generalized cost function including in‐vehicle and out‐of‐vehicle time and line change penalty. The time‐varying passenger demand is loaded onto the network by a time increment simulation method, which ensures that the capacity restraint of each vehicle during passenger boarding is strictly observed. The optimal‐path and path‐loading algorithms are applied iteratively by the method of successive averages until the network converges to the predictive dynamic user equilibrium. The Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway network is used to validate the model results. The potential applications of the model are also discussed.     

MBS(R)--欧洲制动控制系统平台

克诺尔机车车辆制动公司开发了模块化的标准制动控制系统MBS,只需较少的费用就可适应欧洲铁路运输企业的各种不同要求.制动系统必须按用户的专门要求来开发.可适配的模块化MBS系统可用于欧洲各国的跨境运输,能满足欧洲不同的安全性规定.系统具有重量轻、所需安装位置小、寿命周期费用低、机车车辆使用率高的优点.Bombardier公司、德国铁路公司、瑞士和奥地利联邦铁路已从中获益.     

车轮踏面剥离试验研究

剥离是车轮踏面失效的主要类型。车轮剥离一般分为2种类型,一类是由滚动接触疲劳应力作用引起的剥离;另一类是由热作用和机械作用引起的剥离,主要有制动剥离和擦伤剥离。2种类型的车轮剥离实际上都与轮轨表面摩擦力直接相关。本文主要通过模拟试验研究轮轨摩擦力对车轮剥离的影响。