Nonlinear Dynamics of Vehicle Traction

Summary The purpose of this study is to understand the nonlinear dynamics of longitudinal ground vehicle traction. Specifically, single-wheel models of rubber-tired automobiles under straight-ahead braking and acceleration conditions are investigated in detail. Customarily, the forward vehicle speed and the rotational rate of the tire/wheel are taken as dynamic states. This paper motivates an alternative formulation in which wheel slip, a dimensionless measure of the difference between the vehicle speed and the circumferential speed of the tire relative to the wheel center, replaces the angular velocity of the tire/wheel as a dynamic state. This formulation offers new insight into the dynamic behavior of vehicle traction. The unique features of the modeling approach allow one to capture the full range of dynamic responses of the single-wheel traction models in a relatively simple geometric manner. The models developed here may also be useful for developing and implementing anti-lock brake and traction control control schemes.     

ICR－191体外诱发人成纤维细胞恶性转化的初步研究

ＭＳＵ－１．１细胞株是由ｖ－ｍｙｃ癌基因转染正常二倍体人成纤维细胞后所建立的生命期无限的近二倍体细胞株，使该细胞暴露于实验研究用广谱诱变剂ＩＣＲ－１９１以建立体外细胞转化体系，结果表明剂量０．３５及０．４５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＩＣＲ－１９１可使ＭＳＵ－１．１细胞转化成具有转化灶形成能力和成瘤性的恶性转化细胞。本文支持永生化是人类细胞培养的多步骤的恶性转化过程的前提条件的假说。为建立的致癌物诱发细胞转化体系为研究阐明人类多步致癌的分子机理提供了一个有用的模型体系。     

THE NEURONS DOUBLE-LABELLED BY SEROTONIN AND GLUTAMATE-IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN

ＴＨＥＮＥＵＲＯＮＳＤＯＵＢＬＥ－ＬＡＢＥＬＬＥＤＢＹＳＥＲＯＴＯＮＩＮＡＮＤＧＬＵＴＡＭＡＴＥ－ＩＭＭＵＮＯＲＥＡＣＴＩＶＩＴＹＩＮＭＥＤＵＬＬＡＲＹＲＡＰＨＥＮＵＣＬＥＩＰＲＯＪＥＣＴＩＮＧＴＯＴＨＥＣＥＲＥＢＥＬＬＡＲＣＯＲＴＥＸＯＦＴＨＥＫＩ...     

路面强度的非破坏评估

准备充分和及时的养护计划或根据交通量的需求进行公路升级,都需要对现有路面能力及路面可服务性进行评估。使用动态荷载非破坏方法,收集大量的路面结构情况现场信息,方便快捷,能节约成本,数据可信度也很高。     

pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea

A coupled carbonate system–marine ecosystem–hydrodynamic model is used to simulate the temporal and spatial variability in pH across the southern North Sea as it relates to the environmental and biological processes affecting CO₂, namely, photosynthesis and respiration, riverine boundary conditions and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Annual pH ranges are found to vary from < 0.2 in areas of low biological activity to > 1.0 in areas influenced by riverine signals, consistent with observations and previous studies. It is shown that benthic, as well as pelagic, activity is an important factor in this variability. The acidification of the region due to increased fluxes of atmospheric CO₂ into the marine system is calculated and shown to exceed, on average, 0.1 pH units over the next 50 years and result in a total acidification of 0.5 pH units below pre-industrial levels at atmospheric CO₂ concentrations of 1000 ppm. The potential for measurable changes in biogeochemistry are demonstrated by simulating the observed inhibition of pelagic nitrification with decreasing pH. However, we conclude that there is a lack of knowledge of how acidification might affect the complex interaction of processes that govern marine biogeochemical cycles and a consequent need for further research and observations.     

现代化机车车辆是竞争的因素

在运输系统相互间的竞争和铁路内部竞争中,现代化的机车车辆是起决定性作用的因素.从用户的角度讨论了现代化机车车辆的功能特征,并深入研究了相互间的竞争以及铁路内部竞争和制造厂之间的竞争对机车车辆现代化的作用以及对今后的影响.     

Application of Nonlinear Control Theory to Electronically Controlled Suspensions

This paper illustrates the use of nonlinear control theory for designing electro-hydraulic active suspensions. A nonlinear, “sliding” control law is developed and compared with the linear control of a quarter-car active suspension system acting under the effects of coulomb friction. A comparison will also be made with a passive quarter-car suspension system. Simulation and experimental results show that nonlinear control performs better than PID control and improves the ride quality compared to a passive suspension.