潜盾机在到达井外侧地盘中安全弃壳之案例研讨

捷运潜盾隧道皆位于人口密集之都会区,潜盾机的发进与到达常为潜盾隧道挖掘过程中风险较大的时间点,本研究拟以潜盾机到达弃壳作业为例,探讨其面临之风险,包括点井降水造成地盘地下水位变化和邻近台电345 kV高压电塔不均匀沉陷,以及站体连续壁因开挖所引致侧向变位使JSG地盘改良区产生缝隙水路,造成潜盾机开舱前渗水的风险.再者,依据工址抽降水期间竖管式水压计、水位观测井和地表、建物沉陷点监测数据分析抽降水引致地表沉陷影响范围,用以回馈将来遭遇类似工况的设计参考依据.潜盾机到达之安全弃壳作业包括以超级点井(SWP)工法尝试降低地下水位,并于松三层(EL.92.42m)和松五层(EL.72.42m)埋设竖管式水压计了解降水期间地下水位变化,同时监测邻近建物如台电高压电塔的倾斜及沉陷;其次,在潜盾机到达处先行进行JSG地盘改良,再以试水试验检核地盘止水性,潜盾机到达后即进行机壳背填灌浆、土压舱分阶排土及漏水确认.然后,潜盾机历经二次拆解,完成到达弃壳作业,最后进行镜面破除及隧道贯通.     

An Alternative to the Roll Axis for Use in Commercial Vehicle Simulation

Vehicle dynamicists have frequently assumed that the roll motions of the sprung mass take place about a roll axis. Equations of motion based on this assumption must be expected to exhibit dynamic coupling, a significant complication in the case of digital computer simulations of multi-unit vehicles.

Digital simulations have been developed which, while preserving the physical character of the roll axis formulation, use further approximations to avoid the dynamic coupling. Validation exercises have been performed which demonstrate the accuracy of this methodology.     

The Circumferential Contact Problem for the Belted Radial Passenger Car Tire

The belted radial passenger car tire is idealized as a prestressed circular ring connected to a hub through a distribution of linear springs modeling the sidewall. A second distribution of such springs exterior to the ring represents the tread rubber. The tire is supposed to be at rest, loaded at its hub, and pressed onto a flat, rigid, frictiontess roadway. In this situation the linear differential equations of the model are solved using a singular perturbation technique. Given the load at the hub, the solutions furnish the length of tread in contact with the road, the radial and circumferential displacement of all points on the ring, and the distribution of pressure over the region of contact.     

The importance of attitudes in the decision to use mass transit

This paper reports the results of tests of the hypotheses that attitudinal variables are important in mode choice decisions and that they can significantly increase the explanatory power of network-based mode choice models. Conflicts between the results of previous work by Lovelock and Johnson are resolved by this study. Attitudinal items used by Johnson and by Lovelock in separate studies in the San Francisco Bay area were included in a survey of Chapel Hill households. Tests of the incremental explanatory power of the attitudinal variables in mode choice models confirm that the items used by Johnson do not contribute to the explanatory power of models using network time and cost data. Similar tests showed that Lovelock's attitudinal items do significantly increase the predictive ability of the models. The conflicting results of these previous studies are therefore due to the content of the items. Attitudinal data, including both attitude items and measures of perceptions of system attributes, do enhance the predictive power of models involving network data.This research was supported by a grant from the Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.     

Control of traffic in residential neighborhoods: Some considerations for implementation

The effect of motor vehicles upon older neighborhoods has received increasing attention as residents of these areas seek to preserve the quality of life in their neighborhoods. In order to reduce through traffic in residential neighborhoods, numerous techniques have been developed, ranging from turn prohibitions to physical barriers. Since these measures have negative impacts on previous users of the streets, there has been substantial opposition to them. This paper reviews the major areas of conflict as revealed through court challenges.Nine court cases were identified by the researchers. In four, the court decision supported the control measures; in five, the courts decided against the actions. Six of the nine cases are reviewed in this paper. Major legal issues which are identified include the appropriate use of municipal police power, reasonableness in the exercise of police power, the integration of control measures into an overall transportation plan, appropriate consideration of emergency vehicle needs and the rights of access to property, and public participation in the decision. The authors conclude that properly planned and executed diversion strategies can be implemented and can withstand challenges by negatively affected parties.The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed or implied in this paper are those of the authors only. They are not necessarily those of the Federal Highway Administration.     

Development of a Strategy Model of the Driver in Lane Keeping

Based on vehicle constraints and known human operator characteristics, a strategy model was postulated for describing behavior in the lane keeping task. This model includes nonlinear thresholds operating on vehicle yaw and lateral translation, random input sources to account for spurious driver activity, and smoothing to account for driver response lag. The output of the model is steering wheel position

To determine model parameters and model suitability in describing driver behavior, recordings were made for driver-subjects performing a lane-keeping task in a moving base driving simulator having a computer generated display. A procedure involving both analytic and experimental techniques was then developed for determining the model parameters of each driver

Statistical comparisons and visual inspections made between driver-vehicle and model-vehicle time histories indicate a high degree of correspondence. Models such as these show promise in obtaining a better understanding of driver behavior and driver-vehicle response by incorporating nonlinear elements in the driver model.     

Toward criteria in the development of urban transportation systems

Improved criteria are necessary to aid in determining awards of federal funds for metropolitan transit projects. Commuting is the main use for public transit. Thus a primary objective of an urban transit system should be to provide a flexible and balanced set of options to the workers in the metropolitan area for their journey to work. This paper discusses various facets of an appropriate balance among the three modes: rapid rail, bus, and automobile. Three cities are selected for further analysis: Baltimore, Kansas City, and Phoenix. These cities represent different stages in economic-transportation development, and also present different spatial patterns of residence and employment. The applicability of rapid rail transit to each city is examined in view of central city worker concentration and recent trends.