Rapid transit system simulation with interactive graphics display

A mathematical model of a rapid transit system has been developed. The model employs computer techniques to simulate the physical system. To further enhance the results and gain management confidence in the reliability and validity of the design of the model, a TV‐like display of the computer results enables the viewer to “see” the performance of the model as it happens. The results displayed thus include: The track layout, time (simulation), train position on the track, and the number of passengers riding on each train and waiting at each platform or station. The computer printout of results is limited to summary type data, relying on the display for detailed evaluation and analysis.     

Book reviews

Road haulage licensing and EC Transport Policy. By K. J. Button. (Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co., 1984.) [Pp.127.] £14.50.

Bicycles and Public Transportation: New Links to Suburban Transit Markets. By Michael A. Replogle. (Bicycle Federation, Washington DC, 1983.) [Pp. 171.] US$15.95.

Urban Transport in ASEAN. By V. Setty Pendakur. (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies — Research Notes and Discussions Papers Series No. 43, 1984.) [Pp. 65] $4.50 ISBN 9971–902–67–2.

The World Railway System. By Bernard de Fontgalland (Cambridge Univerisity Press, 1984.) [Pp. 209.] £16.00.     

Congestion and emissions mitigation: A comparison of capacity,demand, and vehicle based strategies

Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation does not inevitably lead to reduced emissions; the net effect of mitigation depends on the balance of induced travel demand and increased vehicle efficiency that in turn depend on the pollutant, congestion level, and fleet composition. In the long run, capacity-based congestion improvements within certain speed intervals can reasonably be expected to increase emissions of CO₂e, CO, and NO_x through increased vehicle travel volume. Better opportunities for emissions reductions exist for HC and PM_2.5 emissions, and on more heavily congested arterials. Advanced-efficiency vehicles with emissions rates that are less sensitive to congestion than conventional vehicles generate less emissions co-benefits from congestion mitigation.     

大型基础设施系统设计中的风险及概率

在大型基础设施系统中,不可避免地会出现重大的不确定性,因而,无法确保已建系统的安全性和可靠性.有功能失效甚至破坏的可能,同时也有相应的规避风险的措施.从实用角度出发,不确定性可以分为两大类:数据型(又称偶然型)不确定性和知识型(又称认知型)不确定性.前者可以通过对数据的观察来评估,而后者则需要主观判断.系统地分析了这两...     

Balancing the economic and environmental performance of maritime transportation

This paper looks at the implications of various maritime emissions reductions policies for maritime logistics. There can be important trade-offs that have to be made between the environmental benefits associated with such measures as reduction in steaming speed and change in the number of vessels in the fleet, and more conventional logistics attributes such as in-transit inventory holdings.     

Interagency Collaboration for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: A Bangladesh Case Study

Protection, conservation, and development of coastal resources of Bangladesh are being pursued by a number of agencies on narrowly defined subject-matter specialization like agriculture and fisheries. Coastal resources, however, have competitive uses and need to be approached holistically. A Program Development Office set up to start the preparatory work for an ICZM program commissioned an institutional review of 15 agencies most intimately connected with activities in the coastal area to assess their institutional capacity to take part in an ICZM program. The actual performance of one of the top-ranked organizations under review was further evaluated by drawing upon case materials from five completed multisector projects in which it was the lead agency. The case study revealed that institutional capacity was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for successful joint execution of multisector programs. Organizations tend to cooperate in a multisector program only when they are given full control over the management of their own components. Any arrangements short of that will not yield the desired result. An integrated approach needs to be formalized in a manner that allows each agency to maintain its independent status while at the same time allowing it to carry out its activities within a commonly agreed framework. This model contains the elements of an institutional design for carrying out an integrated coastal zone management program in Bangladesh.     

PIV study of the effect of piston position on the in-cylinder swirling flow during the scavenging process in large two-stroke marine diesel engines

A simplified model of a low speed large two-stroke marine diesel engine cylinder is developed. The effect of piston position on the in-cylinder swirling flow during the scavenging process is studied using the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry technique. The measurements are conducted at different cross-sectional planes along the cylinder length and at piston positions covering the air intake port by 0, 25, 50 and 75 %. When the intake port is fully open, the tangential velocity profile is similar to a Burgers vortex, whereas the axial velocity has a wake-like profile. Due to internal wall friction, the swirl decays downstream, and the size of the vortex core increases. For increasing port closures, the tangential velocity profile changes from a Burgers vortex to a forced vortex, and the axial velocity changes correspondingly from a wake-like profile to a jet-like profile. For piston position with 75 % intake port closure, the jet-like axial velocity profile at a cross-sectional plane close to the intake port changes back to a wake-like profile at the adjacent downstream cross-sectional plane. This is characteristic of a vortex breakdown. The non-dimensional velocity profiles show no significant variation with the variation in Reynolds number.     

船舶SOFC燃料电池与汽轮机联合动力装置能效分析(英文)

Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants(particularly SOx,NOx)will probably be adopted in the near future.In this paper,a combined solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)and steam turbine fuelled by natural gas is proposed as an attractive option to limit the environmental impact of the marine sector.The analyzed variant of the combined cycle includes a SOFC operated with natural gas fuel and a steam turbine with a single-pressure waste heat boiler.The calculations were performed for two types of tubular and planar SOFCs,each with an output power of 18 MW.This paper includes a detailed energy analysis of the combined system.Mass and energy balances are performed not only for the whole plant but also for each component in order to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.In addition,the effects of using natural gas as a fuel on the fuel cell voltage and performance are investigated.It has been found that a high overall efficiency approaching 60%may be achieved with an optimum configuration using the SOFC system.The hybrid system would also reduce emissions,fuel consumption,and improve the total system efficiency.     

Investigation of regenerative and Anti-lock Braking interaction

The use of a regenerative braking mode can reduce overall vehicle energy usage for most of the most common drive cycles. However, a number of technical issues restrict the use of regenerative braking for all possible braking situations. These issues are concerned with two key limitations. The first is related to physical limitations of the applied regenerative braking system, e.g. Electric Motor (E-Motor) power limits; energy storage device capacity and vehicle load transfer etc. The second limitation results from the potentially detrimental interaction between regenerative braking and the Anti-locking Braking System (ABS). The first type of limitation can, to some extent, be alleviated by suitable choice of hardware and, as a consequence, will not be discussed further in this paper. The second type of limitation concerns the regenerative braking strategies during an ABS event. Some of the regenerative braking strategies designed and investigated within the Low Carbon Vehicle Technology Project (LCVTP) will be described and analyzed in this paper. A comparison of competing strategies is made and conclusions are drawn together with suggestions for further research. The work has been progressed as a part of a major research programme; namely the LCVTP, which has been conducted within an extensive industrial and academic partnership, mutually funded by the European Regional Development Found and Advantage West Midlands.