有效的风险管理

结合美国工程项目的风险管理经验,介绍了风险管理的必要性、风险管理的各项过程(风险规划、评估、处理及监测)等。     

宫颈癌组织表皮生长因子受体对TKI敏感性相关的基因突变研究

目的研究宫颈癌组织表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因中是否存在与EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)药物敏感性相关的18、19及21外显子突变,为本地区宫颈癌的靶向治疗提供依据。方法收集70例宫颈癌患者的新鲜癌组织标本,提取DNA,以特异性引物PCR扩增EGFR基因外显子18、19及21,进行DNA测序并分析序列相似性。结果 70例宫颈癌组织提取质量良好的DNA中,均未检测到EGFR基因18、19及21外显子突变。结论宫颈癌组织EGFR基因外显子18、19及21突变罕见。     

Three-dimensional numerical wave tank simulations on fully nonlinear wave–current–body interactions

A finite-difference scheme and a marker-and-cell (MAC) method are used for numerical wave tank (NWT) simulations to investigate the characteristics of nonlinear wave motions and their interactions with a stationary three-dimensional body in the presence of steady uniform currents. The Navier–Stokes (NS) equation is solved in the computational domain, and the boundary values are updated at each time-step by a finite-difference time-marching scheme in the frame of a rectangular coordinate system. The fully nonlinear kinematic free-surface condition is satisfied by the marker–density function technique developed for two fluid layers. The incident waves are generated from the inflow boundary by prescribing a velocity profile resembling the motions of a flexible flap wavemaker, and the outgoing waves are numerically dissipated inside an artificial damping zone located at the end of the tank. Using the NS–MAC NWT, nonlinear wave and current interactions around a stationary vertical truncated circular cylinder are studied, and the results are compared with the experimental results of Mercier and Niedzwecki, a time-domain NWT based on linear potential theory, a fully nonlinear NWT, and a second-order diffraction computation. Received: July 3, 2001 / Accepted: September 25, 2001     

城市干线短交织区元胞自动机多级换道决策模型

为探索城市干线短交织区交通运行特性,基于高精度车辆轨迹数据,提出细化元胞尺寸与步长的交织区元胞自动机多级换道决策模型.划分上下游、交织影响区等多个分区,独立设置变量与规则进行建模;考虑车辆换道速度差、间距及换道安全风险,建立上下游换道模型,交织影响区多级换道决策模型;对未分区换道模型(I),分区STCA换道模型(II),分区多路合流换道模型(III),本文模型(IV)进行仿真验证.与实测数据相比,本文模型平均车道流量误差仅为 1.64%. 模型 I~IV 在交织影响区的平均速度误差分别为 98.35%、23.77%、16.46%、7.45%,换道次数误差分别为33.34%、97.75%、62.97%、11.85%.结果表明,本文模型能有效模拟短交织区复杂的换道行为及交通流特性.     

高海拔隧道施工劳动强度与供氧浓度关系研究北大核心CSCD

为研究高海拔隧道施工人员供氧浓度问题,文章通过骑行试验得到了不同人员在海拔高度为590~4000 m,氧气浓度为20.9%~29%,骑行功率为0、50 W、75 W、100 W工况下的生理指标,得到测试对象的劳动强度指数,分析研究得到以下结论:(1)在同一海拔高度、相同劳动强度工况下,提升环境氧气浓度,可以显著降低人员劳动强度指数;(2)劳动强度指数的减少与氧气浓度的增加并不是线性关系,当环境氧气浓度超过25%时,劳动强度指数的降低程度有限;(3)拟合得到了劳动负荷为100 W且氧气浓度为20.9%~25%时施工人员的劳动强度指数与海拔高度及供氧浓度的关系式。     

Analysis of a large injection-molded body using knowledge-based flow process technology

A knowledge-based flow process is presented for large injection-molded body technology (LIMBT). Injection molding of a large body is a difficult technique because of the many factors and their interactions during the molding process. The proposed flow process can support LIMBT through integration of CAE(Computer-Aided Engineering), CAI (Computer-Aided Inspection), and monitoring systems. CAE and DOE (Design of Experiment) are used to construct an optimal mold design in terms of gates and runners and to identify working conditions for the molding process. CAI and monitoring systems with temperature sensors and pressure sensors can be used to inspect the physical molding process and the molded parts. The flow process of a large body is systematically planned and constructed using a knowledge-based flow process with DOE and computer-aided technologies. The proposed flow process is implemented for the molding process of an automobile front bumper fascia.     

Lateral controller design for an unmanned vehicle via Kalman filtering

This paper proposes a lateral control system for an unmanned vehicle that is designed to improve the responsiveness of the system with the use of a PD control. The vehicle heading error can be stabilized, and the transient response characteristics can be improved using the proposed controller. A mathematical model of the vehicle dynamics using two degrees of freedom was developed for the controller design. The waypoint tracking method for autonomous navigation was tested with incorporation of the Point-to-Point algorithm with position and heading measurements received from GPS receivers via Kalman filtering. The performance of the designed controller was verified through experiments with a real vehicle.     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

Validation of the 6-dof vehicle dynamics model and its related VBA program under the constant radius turn manoeuvre

For a 6-dof (degrees of freedom) nonlinear vehicle dynamics model and its related VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) program, which were recently derived and coded by the authors, validations are carried out under the constant radius turn manoeuvre. This model has the uniqueness that the longitudinal translation, lateral translation and yaw rotation of a platform are described by an inertial ground coordinate system and the body-roll, body-pitch, and body-yaw rotations by a platform-fixed coordinate system. The simplified STI tire model is applied for the calculation of combined longitudinal and lateral tire forces. Vehicles used in the calculation are a NISSAN DATSUN 210 (manufactured in 1980) and a HONDA ACCORD (1984). The calculation results of the present 6-dof model are compared with the published test data and those of a simpler 3-dof lateral dynamic equation based on another coordinate system. As a result of the comparison, the present 6-dof results agree very well with those of the 3-dof model and give a partial consistency with the test data.     

Evaluation of the adequacy of neck injury indicators on bioridii in a lower-rear impact sled test

The BioRIDII (Biofidelic Rear-Impact Dummy II) is regarded as possessing similar characteristics to human volunteers and PMHS (post-mortem human subjects) in terms of its response to low-speed rear-impact tests. The biofidelity of the RID 2 (Rear-Impact Dummy 2) does not yield satisfactory results in comparison to the BioRIDII. Although a great deal of research on the repeatability and reproducibility of the BioRIDII has been conducted, the research results to date do not directly suggest the neck injury criteria and limit values that should be set in safety regulations. The purpose of this research is to evaluate neck injury indicators for the BioRIDII using low-speed rear-impact sled tests on three sets of BioRIDII ver-g. A series of sled tests was conducted to assess the adequacy of neck injury indicators in terms of the repeatability and reproducibility of the results obtained for the three BioRIDII dummies tested. The sled tests were performed according to the test procedure proposed by K-NCAP (the Korea New Car Assessment Program). Several neck injury indicators, namely, NIC, Nkm, upper- and lower-neck Fx, upper- and lower-neck Fz and My, T1 X acc and Head X acc, were analyzed for each dummy. The results show that for some criteria, such as the lower-neck shear force and moment and T1 acceleration, the BioRIDII could be considered adequate.