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211.
Alfred J. Baird 《Maritime Policy and Management》2002,29(3):271-284
Over recent years, the role of the private sector in seaports has been greatly expanded. Yet, in practice, the extent of privatization in ports can vary significantly, in part due to the different methods employed to bring about private sector participation. This paper identifies and analyses, through a survey of ports, recent trends in regard to privatization at the world's top-100 container ports. The survey has benefitted from, and seeks to extend, a previous survey undertaken by the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). Findings suggest that, although the influence of private sector actors in ports is growing, the role of public sector agencies also remains significant. 相似文献
212.
Development and Evaluation of a High Voltage Supply Unit for Electrorheological Fluid Dampers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Murray Sturk Graduate Research Assistant X.M. Wu Postdoctoral Fellow J.Y. Wong Professor Director respectively 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1995,24(2):101-121
Controllable dampers using electrorheological (ER) fluids have attracted considerable interest in recent years. They are proposed for use in semi-active suspensions for ground vehicles. The main advantages of ER fluid dampers are their fast response, ease of control, simple construction and low power requirements. This paper describes the development and testing of a high-voltage supply unit for modulating the damping force of an ER fluid damper. Experimental results on the vibration isolation characteristics of an ER fluid damper with different control strategies, obtained using a quarter-car model test rig, are also presented. 相似文献
213.
The influence of food quality on the nutritional metabolism of Acartia clausi was studied experimentally using four different diets: (1) diatom cells of Thalassiosira weissflogii, (2) detritus prepared from the same culture, (3) 50 : 50 mix on a protein basis of the two previous diets, and 4) dinoflagellate cells of Prorocentrum micans. For each trophic, ingestion, gut transit time, trypsin activity and Km (half saturation constant) were measured at limiting and saturating concentration. Assimilation rates were also estimated for both pure diatoms and mixed live–detrital cell diets. Ingestion followed a Holling type 2 response for diets 1 and 4, a linear one for detritus and an intermediate response for diet 3. Gut transit time displayed different adaptive changes with food regime depending on protein concentration. Trypsin activity was lower for detrital food and trypsin Km significantly decreased with increasing concentration of live diatoms. Assimilation rates were higher for live food than for mixed live–detrital food. Results illustrated that Acartia-type copepods optimize nitrogen or protein uptake. They suggest that besides chemoreception-mediated selectivity, internal controls by digestion and assimilation also regulate ingestion (feed-back). 相似文献
214.
P. Bridges J. B. Russell 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1987,16(5):345-354
Hot wire anenometry measurements have been made in the wake of a model motorcycle and rider mounted in a windtunnel. Only in tests with a topbox present is there clear evidence of eddy shedding. Calculations have been performed on the corresponding full-scale motorcycle to determine the frequencies of the weave and wobble modes. Comparison with the wake frequencies extrapolated to full size show that at speeds of 31-34 m/s they coincide with those of the wobble mode which is found to be efficiently coupled to the aerodynamic excitation. 相似文献
215.
Y. H. Rim J. H. Moon G. Y. Kim S. D. Noh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(6):719-728
Automotive general assembly requires many manual assembly operations to be carried out by human workers. Ergonomic analysis
is an important part of the design and evaluation of products, jobs, tools, machines and environments for safe, comfortable
and effective human functioning. Most recent researches have involved the evaluation of working conditions to prevent work-related
musculoskeletal disorders. The majority of previous research on automotive companies has mainly considered the results of
ergonomic analyses such as RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and OWAS (Ovako Working
Posture Analysis System). Analysis of static posture including reachability, clearances for arm, hand and tool has also been
used to evaluate working conditions. However, in addition to static posture analysis, a biomechanical analysis in dynamic
conditions should also be conducted. There are no integrated frameworks or standard schema for ergonomic analysis using digital
human models in digital environments. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework for the evaluation of working
conditions by ergonomic and biomechanical analysis using digital models based on XML standard schema, including: products,
processes, manufacturing resources and human workers. This paper presents the analysis results using the proposed framework
for automotive general assembly operations. We propose a new framework for the evaluation of the assembly operations and their
environments. Then we apply a digital human model to the dynamic simulation of general automotive assembly operations based
on standard schemas in XML and PPRH (Product, Process, Resource and Human). Using PPRH information based on a standard XML
schema to analyze the ergonomic and biomechanical results, the engineer can visualize, analyze and improve assembly operations
and working environments in automotive general assembly shops using digital models. 相似文献
216.
Prediction of fatigue life and estimation of its reliability on the parts of an air suspension system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. J. Jun T. W. Park S. H. Lee S. P. Jung J. W. Yoon 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(6):741-747
Air suspension systems have been implemented in various commercial vehicles, such as buses and special purpose trucks, because
of the comfortable ride and easy height control. An evaluation of the durability of vehicle parts has been required for service
life and safety starting in the early stages of design. The cyclic load applied to the vehicle can cause fatigue failure of
parts, such as the suspension frame. This paper presents a method to predict the fatigue life of the suspension frame at the
design stage of the air suspension system used in a heavy-duty vehicle. To estimate the fatigue life using the SN method,
the Dynamic Stress Time History (DSTH) is necessary for the part of interest. DSTH can be obtained from the results of the
flexible body dynamic analysis using the Belgian road simulation and the Modal Stress Recovery (MSR) method. Furthermore,
the reliability of the predicted fatigue life can be evaluated by considering the variations in material properties. The probability
and distribution of the expected life cycle can be obtained using experimental design with a minimum number of simulations.
The advantage of using statistical methods to evaluate the life cycle is the ability to predict replacement time and the probability
of failure of mass-produced parts. This paper proposes a rapid and simple method that can be effectively applied to the design
of vehicle parts. 相似文献
217.
Depth of field effects in laser sheet imaging were considered for droplet sizing of a pre-swirl spray. A pre-swirl spray is
formed before the hollow-cone type main-swirl spray from a D.I. gasoline injector, and shows transient characteristics with
high axial velocity. A microscopic imaging technique was applied to obtain high spatial resolution LIF tomograms of the pre-swirl
spray. A 1 mm thick Nd:YAG laser sheet was used as a light source to make the LIF tomograms that were imaged using a high-resolution
CCD camera. The droplet sizing of the pre-swirl spray was carried out using an image processing technique. In the image processing
procedure, the laser sheet-straddling large-sized droplets were carefully taken into account to remove the errors caused by
the depth of field effects from the limited thickness and the energy distribution of the laser sheet. The mean intensity of
the individual droplets and the line profile of the LIF signal around the droplet edge were inspected to screen the laser
sheet-straddling large-sized droplets. In order to consider the effects of the size-dependent LIF signal intensity, the size-classified
or ensemble-averaged mean intensity of the individual droplets was introduced. The mean droplet sizes such as AMD and SMD
were calculated using only screened droplets, and they slightly increase before considering the depth of field effects. 相似文献
218.
C. -H. Chien J. -Y. Jang Y. -H. Chen S. -C. Wu 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):437-445
People use cars so frequently that they always consider the air-conditioning, and thermal comfort of the driver and passenger
when buying a new car. Therefore accurate simulation of the thermal performance of automobile air conditioners to improve
human comfort has become increasingly important. In order to improve the thermal comfort of passengers, 3-D flow motion and
thermal behavior within vehicles must be analyzed. In this paper, a numerical simulation was used to investigate thermal behavior
in a vehicle. Because air temperature at an air vent is related to the cooling capacity of the air conditioner, the cooling
capacity was calculated using ɛ-NTU (effective number of transfer unit) theoretical equations. Using the air temperature relationship between inlet and outlet
vents as boundary conditions, a 3-D unsteady κ-ɛ turbulent model was used to give a transient analysis simulation of the temperature field and flow conditions in a vehicle’s
passenger cabin. Cooling cycle analysis and conjugate heat transfer analysis at the inside surface of the cabin’s ceiling,
floor and sides were also considered. The predicted temperature distributions in the vehicles passenger cabin were in good
agreement with those obtained experimentally. 相似文献
219.
This paper establishes the simulation model of a city bus on the basis of the EQ6110 bus prototype and its experimental data.
According to the actual urban driving cycle, the fuel economy and the traction performance of the EQ6110 city bus have been
simulated, and factors such as the driving cycle, the loss of power to engine accessories, the gear-shifting strategy, the
fuel shut-off strategy of the engine, etc., which influence on the bus’s fuel economy, are also quantitatively analyzed. Some
conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) driving cycles have a great influence on the fuel economy of a city bus; (2) under the
typical urban driving cycle of the public bus in China, the engine fuel shut-off strategy can save about 1 to 1.5 percent
of the fuel consumption; and (3) the optimized gear-shifting rules can save 6.7 percent of the fuel consumption. Experimental
results verify that the fuel economy for the EQ6110 public bus is improved by 7.2 pecent over the actual Wuhan urban driving
cycle of the current public bus in China. 相似文献
220.
Undesired lateral force inevitably exists in a MacPherson suspension system, which is liable to damper rod’s side wear and
promotes the damper’s inner friction decreasing the ride performance from the suspension system. Substituting a new side load
spring with curved centerline for the conventional coil spring has been proven able to solve these problems and Multi-body
Dynamics combining with Finite Elements Analysis may be an efficient method in optimizing its design. Therefore, taking a
passenger car as example, a detailed multi-body dynamics model for the suspension system is built to simulate forces exerted
on the damper and the minimization of its lateral component is selected as the design target for the spring. When the structure
optimization of the side load spring is performed using FEA software ANSYS, its vertical and lateral elastic characteristics,
supported by test data, are analyzed. After importing FEA results back to the suspension system, the dynamics simulation can
be performed to validate the optimization result. 相似文献