Valuation of environmental externalities: from theory to decision‐making

Valuation of externalities is a condition for correct investment and pricing decisions in transport. This paper provides a brief survey of the main studies achieved in OECD countries in order to get these valuations. Numerical values for the average social cost of transport are presented. The procedures according to which environment is taken into account in France and Italy are analyzed, and the importance of valuation in these procedures is assessed. Finally, prospects for further research and new developments are expressed.     

应用Delphi语言进行AutoCAD2006二次开发实现重轨孔型优化设计

根据ActiveX Automation技术原理．利用AutoCAD2006提供的类型库。介绍了应用Delphi语言进行AutoCAD2006二次开发的程序设计方法和技巧。     

On the dense water spreading off the Ross Sea shelf (Southern Ocean)

In this study, current meter and hydrological data obtained during the X Italian Expedition in the Ross Sea (CLIMA Project) are analyzed. Our data show a nice agreement with previous data referring to the water masses present in this area and their dynamics. Here, they are used to further analyze the mixing and deepening processes of Deep Ice Shelf Water (DISW) over the northern shelf break of the Ross Sea. In more detail, our work is focused on the elementary mechanisms that are the most efficient in removing dense water from the shelf: either classical mixing effects or density currents that interact with some topographic irregularity in order to drop to deeper levels, or also the variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) which, in its meandering, can push the dense water off the shelf, thus interrupting its geostrophic flow. We also discuss in detail the (partial) evidence of dramatic interactions of the dense water with bottom particulate, of geological or biological origin, thus generating impulsive or quasi-steady density-turbidity currents. This complex interaction allows one to consider bottom particular and dense water as a unique self-interacting system. In synthesis, this is a first tentative analysis of the effect of bottom particulate on the dense water dynamics in the Ross Sea.     

制动电阻器多学科设计优化

为了确保机车、动车制动电阻器整体性能提高,以某型号特种内燃动车制动电阻器传热性能、经济性能、质量以及抗热冲击性能为目标函数建立多学科设计优化模型,并充分考虑各学科之间的耦合效应,采用自适应混沌优化算法对多学科设计优化模型进行求解。多学科设计优化结果表明,该制动电阻器传热性能增加11.51%,设计成本下降7.05%,质量减少7.21%,抗热冲击性能增加15.50%,整体性能提高9.97%。优化前后特种内燃动车制动电阻器的安全温度对比实验表明,制动电阻片的安全温度由优化前的500℃提高到优化后的550℃。     

Travel intensity in a city with a barrier

An analytical study is made of the determination of the travel intensity at an arbitrary point of a city with a straight line barrier. For a given origin and destination a trip is made by the shortest path not crossing the barrier or the city perimeter. The joint trip end distribution is arbitrary except for a continuity assumption.     

Stability Criteria for Automobile-Trailer Combinations

The characteristic equation for a simple automobile-trailer combination is analyzed, revealing the parameter groups which are important in determining the stability characteristics. Application of Routh's method results in separate criteria for oscillatory and non-oscillatory criteria which can be evaluated algebraically, and which can also be displayed graphically showing a region of stability on a two-dimensional plot. The stability region is bounded by limits of oscillatory and non-oscillatory stability, and the evaluation of a specific case corresponds to the location of a point relative to the boundaries.     

IN VITRO GLYCATION OF HEMOGLOBIN (HB):CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE MODEL

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Characteristics of Guided-Steering Railway Trucks

The dynamic characteristics of guided-steering railway trucks are described both in a general sense and in terms of a specific design. Stability margins and curving performance have been predicted and are compared for both conventional and steered vehicles. It is shown that guided-steering trucks exhibit modes of instability which, although surmountable by proper design, are not found in conventional trucks. In particular, a low conicity, divergent, leading truck instability is described together with a companion high conicity, divergent trailing truck instability. Curving and dynamic performance for steered vehicles is shown to have the potential of being far superior to that of comparable conventional vehicles. Factors influencing the design of steered rail vehicles are presented and discussed.     

Application of Inverse Models to Vehicle Optimization Problems

This paper presents a nonlinear inverse model of a road vehicle which simulates combined steering and braking/driving. The inputs to the model are the lateral and longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle's sprung mass center. The simulation returns the steering wheel angle and brake/drive torques required to obtain the desired accelerations. An example is presented which demonstrates the utility of inverse models for optimization purposes.