论山区高速公路中的桥梁设计

山区高速公路地形地质复杂,构造物多,桥梁隧道占路线总长的比例大,有的桥隧比例甚至高达70%~80%。所以要设计成功一条山区高速公路,设计好其中的桥梁部分就显得十分重要。     

Analytics: The real-world use of big data in financial services studying with judge system events

“Big data” which admittedly means many things to many people is no longer confined to the realm of technology. Today it is a business imperative and is providing solutions to long-standing business challenges for banking and financial markets companies around the world. Financial services firms are leveraging big data to transform their processes, their organizations and the entire industry. Since 2012, the term “big data” has frequently been mentioned and used to describe and define the huge amount of data in the information explosive era and to name related technological development and innovation. As to the police work, the coming of big data era is not only a challenge but also an opportunity. Police agencies should go with the tide of development to start with such aspects as work thinking, top design, public information sharing and application and talent provision so as to promote the new development and progress of police work. This paper expounds the practical effect and significance of police big data application by cases happened in some areas.     

Efficiency improvement for an unthrottled SI engine at part load

Variable valve timing (VVT) and cylinder deactivation (CDA) are promising methods in reducing fuel consumption and emission at part load in SI engines. An SI engine which uses electromagnetic valvetrain (EMV) will eliminate flow restriction from the throttle valve and produce higher indicated mean efficiency pressure (IMEP) due to the disabling of some of the working cylinders at part load. Therefore, pumping loss can be significantly reduced at part-load conditions. In addition, duration and timing of valve events are variably controlled at different operating conditions. This contributes to the improvement of engine efficiency. In this study, a dynamic model of an unthrottled SI engine has been developed to simulate the engine cycle. The model uses an EMV system that allows valvetrain control and cylinder deactivation techniques to be carried out in simulation flexibly. The simulated results find the optimal valve timing for different engine speeds. The optimal timing of intake valve closing depends on engine speed linearly, while the intake valve opening insignificantly influences engine performance. Additionally, this study also shows that cylinder deactivation modes can be successfully applied in improving engine efficiency at different engine loads. Different cylinder deactivation strategies have been applied for the full range of engine loads. It is concluded that the two-cylinder deactivation mode (50% CDA) considerably improves fuel consumption at low engine load. Meanwhile, one-cylinder deactivation (25% CDA) is an optimal fuel economy mode at medium engine load. With proper uses of VVT and CDA strategies, the efficiency of an SI engine can be increased more than 30% at low engine load and 11.7 % at medium engine load.     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

A strategic model of public–private partnerships in transportation: Effect of taxes and cost structure on investment viability

We formulate a game-theoretic model of a concession agreement between a government and a private party, a concessionaire, who has to engage a set of service providers as part of the operating responsibilities. We use the model to examine the importance of a government's tax policy to induce private investments in transportation infrastructure. Our analysis brings to fore insights that are useful in the design of partnership agreements, such as the importance of early and binding government commitments to ensure stable partnerships, and thus, successful projects. Our analysis shows that these strong commitments are even more critical in situations where the success of the partnership requires participation of additional, self-interested parties, such as specialized service providers. Finally, we consider variations of the model where government preferences are explicitly captured, and where the returns from the fixed cost portion of the concessionaire's investment are exempt from taxes. We show that both variations can lead to outcomes where the concessionaire's tax burden is shifted to the service providers. This flexibility can be critical in the design of partnership agreements for (high-risk or highly specialized transportation) projects where additional incentives may be needed to induce private party participation.     

Cable Force Adjustment after Rehabilitation of Tension Rocker Bearing of Subsidiary Piers in a PC Cable-stayed Bridge

以某PC斜拉桥维修工程为背景,用GQJS软件进行斜拉桥加固维修施工控制的模拟计算分析并优选了调索方案.在完成索拉力支座恢复、粘贴钢板、张拉体外预应力补强钢筋等维修加固后,主要提出了摆索拉力支座恢复后索力调整的施工控制目标和安全措施,介绍了摆索拉力支座恢复后的索力调整的过程和方法,以及结构在运营阶段中的计算分析结果.施工监测结果表明,所有调索步骤完成后,主梁线形调整最终达到了预期目标,调整后的索力更趋于均匀,调整过程兼顾了主梁混凝土应力、塔位以及摆索拉力的变化.说明了调索方案的施工控制达到了预期目标,同时保证了结构的安全.     

公路盾构隧道超深基坑开挖的施工控制技术

基坑工程存在的不确定因素较多,科学有效的监控措施是保证安全施工的关键.根据钱江隧道试验段深基坑工程所处的水文地质条件和周边环境特点,从地面沉降、地连墙测斜、支撑轴力、地下水位变化等4个方面对深基坑开挖的施工控制技术进行了研究.以实测数据为基础,分析提出了钱塘江围垦区域地面最大沉降和地连墙最大侧向变形两个指标的建议控制值.实际工程表明,该施工监测和控制方案效果较好,可为其他类似工程提供参考.     

高强混凝土收缩徐变试验及预测模型研究

通过苏通大桥连续刚构所用高强混凝土的收缩徐变试验,以及其他几组不同强度等级的高强混凝土收缩徐变试验,探讨了目前常用收缩徐变模型对高强混凝土收缩徐变的适用性。试验结果表明,高强混凝土的徐变系数一般低于常用的徐变模型预测值;而现桥规采用的CEB-FIP90收缩模型有低估高强混凝土收缩发展的危险,并且,随着混凝土抗压强度的提高,预测精度有降低的趋势。针对高强混凝土收缩徐变的特点,提出了考虑混凝土强度因素的修正收缩、徐变模型。最后运用B3变异系数法比较了这几种模型预测高强混凝土收缩徐变的精度,比较结果表明,修正收缩、徐变模型对高强混凝土收缩徐变预测的精度相对于现有模型有较大提高。     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

Torsional stiffness and weight optimization of a real bus structure

In this paper, the structural optimization of a real bus structure is proposed. The proposed optimization has been accomplished by means of genetic algorithms. The structural behavior of the bus structure when subjected to weight and torsion was also analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The results demonstrate that improved weight and torsional stiffness are achieved with the optimized structure.