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812.
首先通过最小二乘法对方形锂离子电池组中单体电池的比热容、流道材料的导热系数和自然冷却条件下的综合换热系数进行了估计;然后根据热边界层理论确定了强制冷却条件下电池冷却流道表面局部综合换热系数的计算式;最后根据电池组的结构特点和冷却方式,建立了电池组的一维瞬态传热模型.该模型能根据电池组当前的环境温度、运行负荷、冷却强度和初始荷电状态实时预测电池组中各单体电池的运行温度.在Arbin试验台架上测量了144V/8A·h方形锂离子电池组在不同运行工况下单体电池的温度分布,并与模型仿真结果进行了对比,结果表明模型仿真的最大误差不超过1℃,满足混合动力系统性能仿真和电池组管理策略优化的精度要求. 相似文献
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In the present study a novel modeling approach is presented to solve the combined internal sloshing and sea-keeping problem. The model deals with interesting effects arising due to the coupled interaction between the sloshing in partially filled containers of several geometries and the ship motion. The study is very important for the liquid cargo carrier operating in rough sea or under different environmental conditions. The resulting slosh characteristics that include transient pressure variation, free surface profiles and hydrodynamic pressure over the container walls have been reported in this study. In addition, the effects of coupled ship response and sloshing on ship motion parameters have also been investigated. The equations of motion of fluid, considered inviscid, irrotational, and partially compressible, are expressed in terms of the pressure variable alone. A finite difference-based iterative time-stepping technique is employed to advance the coupled solution in the time domain. Several parameters of interest, including the container parameters, level of liquid, thrusters modeling and some important environmental factors are investigated. 相似文献
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Design of a soft switching bidirectional DC-DC power converter for ultracapacitor-battery interfaces
Z. W. Wu Z. L. Zhang C. L. Yin Z. Zhao 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2012,13(2):325-336
One solution to the low specific power of hybrid electric vehicular batteries is a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that
takes advantage of the high specific power performance of ultra-capacitors. The design of a type of zero current transition
(ZCT) soft switching bidirectional direct current-direct current (DC-DC) power converter that can be used as an ultra-capacitor-battery
interface in an active parallel schema of a HESS is described. The circuit operation of the ZCT DC-DC power converter is depicted
in detail. The HESS controller is designed as a two-layered hierarchical control structure: the first layer is responsible
for working mode control of the HESS, and the second layer is responsible for DC-DC power converter control in which a fuzzy
logic PID algorithmis employed. Simulation results indicate that this design is a potential solution to the problem of the
low specific power of batteries, especially for regenerative braking and electric motor assist. The proposed active parallel
schema with ZCT exhibits a significant advantage in power and energy decoupling. HESS with ZCT achieves better efficiency
compared to the battery only operation. The experimental results validates the idea that the ultra-capacitor cooperates with
the battery in acceleration mode. 相似文献
819.
To increase car passenger safety, the Brazilian National Traffic Council (CONTRAN) released Resolution 221, which defines the maximum passenger and driver biomechanical criteria in the event of a vehicle frontal impact. The vehicle maximum allowed biomechanical injury criteria will be enforced from January 2012 for new vehicles and in January 2014 for vehicles in production before January 2014. To standardize the test method to measure the driver and front passenger injury values in a frontal crash, Resolution 221 states that the tests must be performed according to the ABNT NBR 15300-1 standard, followed by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 standard or the ABNT NBR 15300-3 standard. The use of ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards is a free choice for the manufacturer of the vehicle. The ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-2 test is similar to the FMVSS 208 standard in the United States in terms of its vehicle frontal impact test perpendicular to a rigid barrier with the use of seat belts by male model dummies. The test according to ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-3 follows the European ECE R94 and 96/79/EC standards. However, ABNT NBR 15300-2 focuses on occupant protection during vehicle deceleration rather than occupant protection during vehicle deformation in a crash test. ABNT NBR 15300-3 tests occupant protection during vehicle deformation more than it tests occupant protection during vehicle deceleration. Therefore, this paper aims to show the types of test results produced by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 and ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards and their differences concerning occupant protection verification and discuss the manufacturer??s freedom of choice. 相似文献
820.
W. -N. Bao L. -P. Chen Y. -Q. Zhang Y. -S. Zhao 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2012,13(7):1057-1065
A fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller for an air spring active suspension system is developed. Due to nonlinearity, preload-dependent spring force and parameter uncertainty in the air spring, it is difficult to control the suspension system. To achieve the desired performance, a fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller (FASMC) is designed to improve the passenger comfort and the manipulability of the vehicle. The fuzzy adaptive system handles the nonlinearity and uncertainty of the air suspension. A normal linear suspension model with an optimal state feedback control is designed as the reference model. The simulation results show that this control scheme more effectively and robustly isolates vibrations of the vehicle body than the conventional sliding mode controller (CSMC). 相似文献