Rural mobility and mode choice: Evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey

This article uses data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to compare travel behavior in rural and urban areas of the U.S. As expected, the car is the overwhelmingly dominant mode of travel. Over 97% of rural households own at least one car vs. 92% of urban households; 91% of trips are made by car in rural areas vs. 86% in urban areas. Regardless of age, income, and race, almost everyone in rural areas relies on the private car for most travel needs. Mobility levels in rural areas are generally higher than in urban areas. That results from the more dispersed residences and activity sites in rural areas, which increase trip distances and force reliance on the car. Somewhat surprisingly, the rural elderly and poor are considerably more mobile than their urban counterparts, and their mobility deficit compared to the rural population average is strikingly less than for the urban elderly and poor compared to the urban average. Data limitations prevented a measurement of accessibility, however, and it seems likely that rural areas, by their very nature, are less accessible than urban areas, especially for the small percentage of car-less poor and elderly households.     

FLUENT软件对管壳式换热器壳程流体数值模拟方法可行性的验证

鉴于单弓形折流板管壳式换热器应用的广泛性,对传统单弓形折流板管壳式换热器进行了数值模拟分析,验证了FLUENT软件应用到管壳式换热器壳程流体数值模拟方法的可行性,并为换热器其它壳程支撑结构的研究提供了一定的理论依据.     

Statistical characteristics of transitional queue conditions in signalized arterials

The performance of signalized arterials is related to queuing phenomena. The paper investigates the effect of transitional traffic flow conditions imposed by the formation and dissipation of queues. A cross-recurrence quantification analysis combined with Bayesian augmented networks are implemented to reveal the prevailing statistical characteristics of the short-term traffic flow patterns under the effect of transitional queue conditions. Results indicate that transitions between free-flow conditions, critical queue conditions that exceed the detector’s length, as well as the occurrence of spillovers impose a set of prevailing traffic flow patterns with different statistical characteristics with respect to determinism, nonlinearity, non-stationarity and laminarity. The complexity in critical queue conditions is further investigated by introducing two supplementary regions in the critical area before spillover occurrence. Results indicate that the supplementary information on the transitional conditions in the critical area increases the accuracy of the predictive relations between the statistical characteristics of traffic flow evolution and the occurrence of transitions.     

浅析地铁盾构隧道的施工测量

以南京地铁南北线一期工程许府巷-玄武门区间隧道的盾构施工为例，介绍了地铁盾构隧道的施工测量的特点以及测量的内容及方法。     

基于位置反馈控制的电子节气门控制系统研究

以Infineon XC167为主芯片控制电子节气门,设计了直流电机驱动电路,开发了电子节气门控制系统的硬件电路。设计了模糊智能PID控制器,提出了电子节气门的控制策略。通过电子节气门阶跃响应试验和油门位置与节气门位置试验,验证了该控制系统可以实现节气门位置反馈的闭环控制。     

以截面平衡原理分析各种桥型结构体系

从材料力学中构件截面抗弯、抗剪平衡原理出发，分析桥梁的横截面、纵向桥型体系的受力特点，并以梁的受力方式来理解常用的纵向受力体系，如拱、斜拉、悬索等结构体系，称之为“等代梁”。从而将常见桥型分为两类：按正弯矩设计的体系，如简支梁、拱桥、悬索桥；按负弯矩设计的体系，如T构、连续梁、连续刚构和斜拉桥。提出了以组合体系来解决目前常见大跨径梁式桥常见病害的看法。     

Evaluation of transit operations: data applications of Tri-Met's automated Bus Dispatching System

In this paper, archived Automatic Vehicle Location and Automatic Passenger Counter data are used to evaluate actual bus running time variation in relation to scheduled service for Tri-Met, the transit provider for the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Given observed variation in running times, scheduled recovery times are found to be generally (though not universally) excessive. This results in an under-investment of resources in revenue service relative to non-revenue service. Analysis of trip level data reveals that bus operators are an important source of running time variation after controlling for such factors as route design, time of day and direction of service, and passenger activity.     

The existence, uniqueness and computation of an arc-based dynamic network user equilibrium formulation

In this paper, a dynamic user equilibrium traffic assignment model with simultaneous departure time/route choices and elastic demands is formulated as an arc-based nonlinear complementarity problem on congested traffic networks. The four objectives of this paper are (1) to develop an arc-based formulation which obviates the use of path-specific variables, (2) to establish existence of a dynamic user equilibrium solution to the model using Brouwer's fixed-point theorem, (3) to show that the vectors of total arc inflows and associated minimum unit travel costs are unique by imposing strict monotonicity conditions on the arc travel cost and demand functions along with a smoothness condition on the equilibria, and (4) to develop a heuristic algorithm that requires neither a path enumeration nor a storage of path-specific flow and cost information. Computational results are presented for a simple test network with 4 arcs, 3 nodes, and 2 origin–destination pairs over the time interval of 120 periods.     

A conceptual analysis of the transportation impacts of B2C e-commerce

This paper discusses, at a conceptual level, a number of issues related to the evaluation of the transportation and spatial impacts of e-shopping. We review the comparative advantages of store shopping and e-shopping, and conclude that neither type uniformly dominates the other. We identify the building blocks of the shopping process, and note that information and communications technologies are making possible the spatial and temporal fragmentation and recombination of those elements. We analyze future shopping-related changes in transportation as the net outcome of four different fundamental causes, that can be viewed hierarchically: (1) changes in shopping mode share (i.e. shifts in the proportion of shopping activities conducted through store shopping, e-shopping and other modes), keeping the volume of goods purchased and per capita consumption spending constant; (2) changes in the volume of goods purchased, keeping per capita consumption spending constant; (3) changes in per capita consumption spending, independent of demographic changes; and (4) demographic changes. Some factors result in reduced travel while others lead to increased travel. The combined outcome of all factors does not appear to support any hope that e-shopping will reduce travel on net; to the contrary there may be negative impacts due to increased travel, even if those impacts are likely to be localized and/or small in magnitude for the most part. Thus, on the whole, we are likely (with some exceptions) to see continued adoption of both store shopping and e-shopping. Consumers will blend both forms as they conduct a sequence of shopping activities, and retailers will blend both in marketing to and serving customers. Assessing the transportation impacts of e-shopping – even in the short term, let alone the long term – presents some formidable measurement challenges. Nevertheless, those challenges are worthy of our most creative efforts at solution.     

特大公路桥梁施工测量方法的新探索

阐述了特大公路桥梁施工控制测量的原则、方法及技术要求，提出了利用方位交会确定桥梁的构件平面位置的方法以及利用双经纬仪确定桥梁构件标高位置的方法，实现了特大桥梁施工三维放样的同步化。