Seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological processes during 1994–2001 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea: A three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical modeling study

A Pacific basin-wide physical–biogeochemical model has been used to investigate the seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological fields with analyses focusing on the Sea of Japan/East Sea (JES). The physical model is based on the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS), and the biogeochemical model is based on the Carbon, Si(OH)₄, Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model. The coupled ROMS–CoSiNE model is forced with the daily air–sea fluxes derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis for the period of 1994 to 2001, and the model results are used to evaluate climate impact on nutrient transport in Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) and phytoplankton spring bloom dynamics in the JES.The model reproduces several key features of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface currents, which are consistent with the previous modeling and observational results in the JES. The calculated volume transports through the three major straits show that the Korea Strait (KS) dominates the inflow to the JES with 2.46 Sv annually, and the Tsugaru Strait (TS) and the Soya Strait (SS) are major outflows with 1.85 Sv and 0.64 Sv, respectively. Domain-averaged phytoplankton biomass in the JES reaches its spring peak 1.8 mmol N m^− 3 in May and shows a relatively weak autumn increase in November. Strong summer stratification and intense consumption of nitrate by phytoplankton during the spring result in very low nitrate concentration at the upper layer, which limits phytoplankton growth in the JES during the summer. On the other hand, the higher grazer abundance likely contributes to the strong suppression of phytoplankton biomass after the spring bloom in the JES. The model results show strong interannual variability of SST, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass with sudden changes in 1998, which correspond to large-scale changes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Regional comparisons of interannual variations in springtime were made for the southern and northern JES. Variations of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass related to the PDO warm/cold phase changes were detected in both the southern and northern JES, and there were regional differences with respect to the mechanisms and timing. During the warm PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD increased in the south and decreased in the north in winter. Conversely, during the cold PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD decreased in the south and increased in the north. Wind divergence/convergence likely drives the differences in the southern and northern regions when northerly and northwesterly monsoon dominates in winter in the JES. Subjected to the nutrient change, the growth of phytoplankton biomass appears to be limited neither by nutrient nor by light consistently both in the southern and northern regions. Namely, the JES is at the transition zone of the lower trophic-level ecosystem between light-limited and nutrient-limited zones.     

The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a particulate tracer in the water column of Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon

Time-series samples of settling particles were collected in the water column of Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon (KPSC) with two sediment traps on taut-line moorings deployed at two different depths (60 and 280 m) between May 26 and June 27, 2004. Average total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations of upper and lower trap array samples were 310 ± 61 ng g^− 1 dw (range: 200–440) and 240 ± 36 ng g^− 1 dw (range: 180–290), respectively. Principal component analysis results suggest that PAH sources in the trap-collected particles included diesel vehicle/coal burning, diagenetic sources, and petroleum release. PAH downward fluxes based on settling particles were estimated to be 12–44 μg m^− 2 d^− 1. These values are higher than those reported in the literature for most coastal areas. During the sampling period, both traps were significantly tilted by tidal current and fluctuated vertically. The upper traps experienced greater vertical movements, thus their particle characteristics (e.g., POC, particle mass, and fine particle fraction) varied more than those of the lower traps. Hourly depth variations of the tilted sediment trap array were echoed by the corresponding total PAH concentrations. Moreover, the PAH composition of the collected particles was related to the flow direction and speed. These observations suggest that PAHs can be used as an effective chemical tracer for the transport of terrestrial and marine particulates in a complex aquatic environment like Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon.     

Analysis of velocity fluctuations and their intermittency properties in the surf zone using empirical mode decomposition

We consider here surf zone turbulence measurements, recorded in the Eastern English Channel using a sonic anemometer. In order to characterize the intermittent properties of their fluctuations at many time scales, we analyze the experimental time series using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. The series is decomposed into a sum of modes, each one narrow-banded, and we show that some modes are associated with the energy containing wave breaking scales, and other modes are associated with small-scale intermittent fluctuations. We use the EMD approach in association with a newly developed method based on Hilbert spectral analysis, representing the probability density function in an amplitude–frequency space. We then characterize the fluctuations in a stochastic framework using a cumulant generating function for all scales, and compare the results obtained from direct and classical structure function analysis, to EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis results, showing that the former method saturates at large scales, whereas the latter method is more precise in its scale approach. These results show the strength of the new EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis method for data presenting a strong forcing such as found in shallow water, wave dominated situations.     

一种单缸护箱结构的集装箱散货装箱机

由于环保标准的提高,以及用户对一些货物破损率有较高要求,散货装集装箱运输方式的应用越来越多,比较典型的是块煤装集装箱运输。但是,这种运输方式在我国应用历史较短,散货装入集装箱比较困难。要充分发挥运力,降低成本,就必须将集装箱装满,而集装箱除底面外,侧面和上面均不能承受较大的力,如果要把集装箱倾斜过来装箱,就要解决箱体侧面受压的问题。     

螺旋式卸车机PLC控制系统设计

螺旋式卸车机PLC控制系统采用PLC控制交流接触器,从而控制各机构的交流电动机动作,实现相应的功能,同时在系统故障时发出声光报警信号或自动停车,以保护整个控制系统及设备安全。     

基于公共直流母线的轻型电动轮胎式集装箱门式起重机控制系统设计

对公共直流母线系统进行了分析,提出了基于公共直流母线技术的轻型电动轮胎式集装箱门式起重机（ERTG）控制系统设计方案。这套系统提高了ERTG的能量利用率,取得了良好的节能降耗和控制效果。     

堆场底层取料控制的改进

取料机在取堆场底层的物料时,剩余的垛底厚度主要由两个因素决定：一是俯仰下限位;二是俯仰极限限位。这两个限位整定一般是根据堆场的标准高度确定的。通常情况下,港口的堆场标高是一个定值,整个堆场上所有的垛位都处在同一水平面上。理论上,取料机底层取料后的剩余垛底厚度是一个固定的整定值。但北方的港口大都是建立在填海造陆的软基基础上的,经过几年使用后,由于堆存煤炭的重力作用,堆场发生了不同程度的沉降,     

船舶污水处理技术现状与MBR应用前景展望

介绍了船舶污水的种类及产生危害,对生活污水处理技术、油水分离技术以及灰水处理技术的现状做了分析,并介绍新型污水处理技术-MBR,论述了该技术应用在船舶上的优点以及研究前景。     

绞吸式挖泥船门架结构强度分析

本船为1艘4000m^3／h绞吸式挖泥船,起吊系统包括龙门架结构和桥架结构。选取两种代表性工况,运用MSC／Patran／Nastran有限元分析软件对起吊系统建模并进行结构强度分析。对龙门架和桥架销座附近结构的应力和位移做了校核,为同类型挖泥船起吊系统的结构安全和结构经济性提供了参考。     

船舶轴带发电机的发展与新方法的研究

现在广泛使用的船舶轴带发电机系统控制相对简单,但对船舶电网中的电能质量影响大,并且需要依靠同步发电机来补偿无功等缺点。本文在分析了轴带发电机发展历程与工作过程的基础上,介绍一种新型的轴带发电机模式,利用全控型PWM整流器的四象限运行功能,实现有功、无功的快速调节。给出了整个系统的主电路与控制方案,从理论上解释了这种新的轴带发电机系统的正确性和可行性。