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361.
In this work a two-stroke scooter engine was modified to work with semi-direct injection of gasoline at a pressure of 8 bar
from an injector in the cylinder barrel pointed toward the cylinder head. The influence of injection timing, injection pressure,
spark plug location and air-fuel ratio, on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics has been investigated. In
addition, a comparison has been made with manifold injection of gasoline on the same engine at a given speed and various outputs.
A significant reduction in HC emissions and fuel consumption with no adverse effects on NOx emissions and combustion stability
was observed. A small drop in power and increase in CO emission were observed disadvantages of the new injection system. Injection
timing was found to be the most important factor and a balance between reduction in shortcircuited fuel by late injection,
and time for mixture preparation by advancing the injection, was found to be essential. 相似文献
362.
Reliability-based sensitivity analysis of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters
Techniques from the perturbation method, fourth moment method, reliability-based design theory, and sensitivity analysis approach
are employed to present a practical and efficient method for testing the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with
non-normal distribution parameters. With the condition that the first four moments of original random variables are known,
the reliability sensitivity theory and cases are researched using the presented numerical method. The variation regularities
of reliability sensitivity are obtained and the effects of design parameters on reliability of the vehicle components are
studied. The sophisticated formulation provided in this paper is easily amenable to computational procedures. The respective
program can be used to obtain the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters accurately
and quickly. The results obtained are perfect and the solutions compared very well with those from Monte Carlo simulation.
The method presents a theoretic basis for the reliability design of the vehicle components. 相似文献
363.
Model-based control system design in a urea-SCR aftertreatment system based on NH3 sensor feedback 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Devarakonda G. Parker J. H. Johnson V. Strots 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2009,10(6):653-662
This paper presents preliminary control system simulation results in a urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment
system based on NH3 sensor feedback. A four-state control-oriented lumped parameter model is used to analyze the controllability and observability
properties of the urea-SCR plant. A model-based estimator is designed via simulation and a control system is developed with
design based on a sliding mode control framework. The control system based on NH3 sensor feedback is analyzed via simulation by comparing it to a control system developed based on NOx sensor feedback. Simulation results show that the NH3 sensor-based strategy performs very similarly in comparison to a NOx sensor-based strategy. The control system performance metrics for NOx index, urea index, urea usage, and NH3 slip suggest that the NOx sensor can be a potential alternative to a NOx sensor for urea-SCR control applications. 相似文献
364.
In this study, a parallel flow condenser and laminated evaporator for an automotive air-conditioning system were modified
to improve performance. Gas-liquid separation type condensers, in which the condenser and receiver drier are integrated, and
one-tank laminated type evaporators were developed, and their performances were investigated experimentally using HFC-134a.
Heat transfer characteristics in the condenser are examined by means of air temperature, air velocity entering the condenser
and inlet pressure of the refrigerant; heat transfer characteristics in the evaporator are examined by means of air temperature,
relative humidity, flow rate of air, outlet pressure of refrigerant and superheat. Pressure drops for both evaporator and
condenser are also measured, and correlations for pressure drop are derived for the condenser and evaporator, respectively.
Air velocity and mass flow rate of the refrigerant have a significant effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient, and
flow pass is not significantly influenced by the cooling capacity of the condenser. The overall heat transfer coefficient
of the evaporator increases as air flow rate, air temperature and relative humidity increases. 相似文献
365.
美国桥梁技术近期发展概况 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
美国是公认的世界上交通运输网最广泛的国家.随着74 674 km国道系统的建成,并伴随着人们对于旅游和货物运输要求的持续增长,交通便利性已经成为了一种权利.全国统计在册的600 000座桥梁的平均桥龄为45年,这就为推进及推广应用桥梁技术的研究提供了巨大的机会,通过这些技术,可使公路基础设施更新中的桥梁更耐久、更经济,可采用更快速的施工技术及修建更可靠、更便于维护的结构.介绍美国桥梁技术近期发展概况. 相似文献
366.
367.
山地城市如重庆,具有纵坡大、降雨多的特点,其全透水沥青路面结构型式与平原地区有所不同。为研究荷载作用下山地城市全透水沥青路面结构力学响应情况,借助有限元方法建立全透水沥青路面结构的三维模型,通过改变基层+蓄水层组合厚度、蓄水层模量及土基模量3个因素,分析弯沉、蓄水层层底拉应力和土基顶面压应变的响应情况。结果表明土基模量对弯沉有显著影响,基层+蓄水层组合厚度对蓄水层层底拉应力和土基顶面压应变有显著影响,因此,可通过增加基层+蓄水层组合厚度和增大土基模量的方式来提高全透水沥青路面的强度。 相似文献
368.
John A. Hall Christopher P. Weaver Jayantha Obeysekera Mark Crowell Radley M. Horton Robert E. Kopp 《Coastal management》2019,47(2):127-150
Sea-level rise (SLR) is not just a future trend; it is occurring now in most coastal regions across the globe. It thus impacts not only long-range planning in coastal environments, but also emergency preparedness. Its inevitability and irreversibility on long time scales, in addition to its spatial non-uniformity, uncertain magnitude and timing, and capacity to drive non-stationarity in coastal flooding on planning and engineering timescales, create unique challenges for coastal risk-management decision processes. This review assesses past United States federal efforts to synthesize evolving SLR science in support of coastal risk management. In particular, it outlines the: (1) evolution in global SLR scenarios to those using a risk-based perspective that also considers low-probability but high-consequence outcomes, (2) regionalization of the global scenarios, and (3) use of probabilistic approaches. It also describes efforts to further contextualize regional scenarios by combining local mean sea-level changes with extreme water level projections. Finally, it offers perspectives on key issues relevant to the future uptake, interpretation, and application of sea-level change scenarios in decision-making. These perspectives have utility for efforts to craft standards and guidance for preparedness and resilience measures to reduce the risk of coastal flooding and other impacts related to SLR. 相似文献
369.
Sánchez-Caja Antonio Martio Jussi Viitanen Ville M. Siikonen Timo 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2021,26(4):1014-1025
Journal of Marine Science and Technology - This paper presents a procedure for the estimation of propeller effective wakes in oblique flows. It shows how a recently developed method for controlling... 相似文献
370.
Patel Hersila H. Messiah Sarah E. Hansen Eric D’Agostino Emily M. 《Transportation》2021,48(5):2315-2333
Transportation - Transportation vulnerability, defined as lack of access to transportation resulting in financial, social, or health consequences, reduces quality of life. While research has... 相似文献