Why are work travel plans effective? Comparing conclusions from narrative and meta-analytical research synthesis

Reliable research synthesis is of high significance for a transport policy which tries to base its decisions on available empirical evidence. There is growing doubt whether the frequently used narrative approach provides a scientifically defensible way of synthesising a body of quantitative research results. The present paper demonstrates meta-analysis as a more objective and powerful alternative for this task. For this purpose evaluation data synthesised in two earlier narrative reviews on the effectiveness of work travel plans [Cairns et al. Making travel plans work: research report (former), Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR), London, 2002; Smarter choices—changing the way we travel. (Final report of the research project: The influence of soft factor interventions on travel demand. Research report for the Department for Transport.) London. Retrieved 1 December 2005, from , 2004] are meta-analytically re-analysed and compared with the conclusions drawn from the narrative synthesis of these data. Our meta-analyis provides only limited support for the conclusion that addressing parking is the hallmark of successful work travel plans. Our meta-analysis indicates that site and organisational factors as well as characteristics of the monitoring process are significant predictors of effective work travel plans, whereas Cairns et al. view little evidence for the impact of these factors.     

Guidelines for samplers: measuring a change in behaviour from before and after surveys

This paper addresses the issue of using before and after surveys to evaluate behavioural changes in response to transport policies and investments, a procedure that, we argue is done far too rarely in this profession. Further, it demonstrates very clearly that, in almost all conceivable cases, there are considerable economies to be obtained by using a panel (again, under-utilised in our profession) to undertake evaluation, rather than successive independent cross-sectional surveys. The paper also addresses the critical issue of sample size requirements for measuring changes of a relatively small magnitude in travel behaviour; i.e., to state, with 95% confidence, that if there is a ∂ percent change in behaviour for the sample, there is a ∂ percent ± e percent change in the behaviour of the population, where e is the sampling error. In this paper, we present a method for calculating such sample size requirements from first principles and demonstrate the applicability both hypothetically and then empirically using data from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. The formulation enables designers of before and after surveys to investigate the trade-offs between the statistical accuracy of their predictions and the sample size requirements systematically, without the need to specify ∂ a priori. This latter point is crucial, we argue, because we have limited information on ∂, yet, as we explain here, it drives the sample size requirements using alternative, well-cited approaches for calculating sample sizes to assess behavioural change. The results have important ramifications both for those implementing transport policies intended to produce behavioural change, especially when a cost-benefit evaluation of the policy is desired, and for those interpreting the results reported in previous studies.     

水泥路面病害调查及维修对策

阐述了水泥混凝土路面维修技术的缺陷,针对某道路改造工程,借鉴相关规范的方法,同时使用国际上较为先进的地质雷达无损检测进行路况调查分析,并给出治理建议,为类似工程的实施提供参考.     

客车用燃料电池分布式控制系统通信协议及监控设计

针对客车用燃料电池的系统结构,分析了燃料电池控制系统的特点和性能要求,完成了基于TTCAN概念分布式控制系统的通信协议设计与监控程序开发。实验结果表明,设计的通信协议和监控程序能够满足燃料电池系统的控制要求。     

Climate change and the future Maritime Policy for the EU

A cross-cutting Maritime Policy can ensure that climate change threats and challenges in regards to seas and oceans are dealt with in a wide policy framework that takes into account the impacts that climate change may have on other sectors and vice versa.     

结合Inventor和AutoCAD制作工程图的设计方法

分析了两种常用CAD软件Inventor和AutoCAD的优缺点,提出了一种利用Inventor制作的三维模型生成AutoCAD工程图的方法,以及在AutoCAD中将其标准化的一些技巧。集成Inventor和AutoCAD的优点应用于产品结构设计,可提高设计绘图的效率和质量。     

Basic design of a series propeller with vibration consideration by genetic algorithm

Genetic algorithms (GAs) can powerfully search for parameters in a large multidimensional design space. Thus, the principle can be applied to preliminary series propeller design problems with multiple considerations. In the present study, B-series propeller design was conducted using a GA for both hydrodynamic efficiency and vibration consideration. The objective function was set by users who could freely weight the relative importance of efficiency and vibration. GAs were successfully shown to be able to obtain an optimal set of parameters leading to efficient performance and low vibration.     

钢轨分级使用与热处理钢轨

根据我国铁路主要技术政策,简要介绍钢轨分级使用制度及对热处理钢轨在数量上的需要和质量上的要求,分析国内热处理钢轨的现状及存在的问题,在此基础上探讨我国热处理钢轨的发展方向。     

New strategies for collision resolution of multi-access channel

ABSTRACT： The truncated binary exponential back-off algorithm is one of the most effective methods applied in collision resolution process of random multi-access channel. In this study, two new strategies are presented to improve the capability of the truncated binary exponential back-off algorithm. In the new strategies, the sizes of the initial window size or the operating window sizes are adjusted dynamically, which always bring a significant improvement for the self-adaptability of the original A series of experiments are simulated and the results verify that the new strategies can make the implementation more stable and effective than the original algorithm.     

光圆钢筋与活性粉末混凝土的粘结性能研究

为了研究光圆钢筋与活性粉末混凝土的粘结性能,本文改变钢筋直径与锚固长度测定了粘结应力和滑移量。通过理论分析与数据拟合,研究了粘结应力的影响因素、计算公式及粘结-滑移本构关系。结果表明:粘结应力受钢筋埋长、钢筋直径等因素的影响,随着埋长与钢筋直径的增大而减小。提出的以相对保护层厚度(c/d)和相对埋长(l/d)为主要参数的极限粘结应力计算公式,与试验结果吻合良好。分析给出不同直径光圆钢筋的锚固长度,并按GB 50010-2002的模式提出相应的锚固长度计算公式。本文提出的粘结-滑移本构方程与实测结果相关性好,可为活性粉末混凝土结构理论分析提供依据。