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61.
The City of Madrid is putting into operation Intermodal Exchange Stations (IESs) to make connections between urban and suburban transportation modes easier for users of public transportation. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the actual effects that the implementation of IESs in the City of Madrid has on the affected stakeholders: users, public transportation operators, infrastructure managers, the government, the abutters and other citizens. We develop a methodology intended to help assess the welfare gains and losses for each stakeholder. Then we apply this methodology to the case study of the Avenida de América IES in the city of Madrid. We found that it is indeed possible to arrive at win?Cwin solutions for the funding of urban transportation infrastructure, as long as the cost-benefit ratio of the project is high enough. Commuters save travel time. Bus companies diminish their costs of operation. The abutters gain in quality of life. The private operator of the infrastructure makes a fair profit. And the government is able to promote these infrastructure facilities without spending more of its scarce budgetary resources. 相似文献
62.
63.
Istv n Kuti Senior Researcher 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1998,30(1):37-54
In the research and design of vehicles, the accurate simulation of their dynamic behaviour is often of interest. Therefore, on the one hand, the non-linear properties of suspensions and tyres may not be neglected. On the other hand, the application of large mechanical models is necessary in order to get correct information about the local dynamic behaviour of critical parts or elements of vehicles. With regard to these requirements, in this paper, a special computational procedure is presented for the non-linear dynamic analysis of vehicles using large finite element models. Correctness, in comparison to COSMOS/M commercial finite element program, and applicability of the presented procedure is shown by the use of a bus finite element model containing 2214 degrees of freedom. 相似文献
64.
Francisco Pérez José A. Suárez Juan A. Clemente Antonio Souto 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2007,12(2):83-94
Nowadays, bulbous bow forms have become a common design feature in most conventional ship designs. The design of a bulbous
bow is usually attempted with the use of certain form parameters that are imposed using the designer's experience or regression
values that provide the optimum parameters based on experimental tests or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations.
In this article, the geometric modelling of a bulbous bow form that complies with a series of parameters is presented. First,
a wire model was constructed with cubic B-spline curves that hold certain form parameters that the designer wants to impose.
Second, a B-spline surface that fits these splines was mathematically constructed. A review of the influence of the design
parameters used on the bulbous bow properties was made. This method could be used prior to numerical optimization of a bulbous
bow because different variations of the design can be easily generated. These variations can be tested numerically using CFD
software. A practical application example of the method is shown. 相似文献
65.
J. Castillo A. P rez De La Blanca J. A. Cabrera A. Sim n 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2006,44(3):207-221
An optical tire contact pressure test bench developed by the IMMa group is described. The measurement system is based on the frustration of total internal reflection (FTIR) of light. The test bench allows performing normal pressure distribution and patch contact shape measurements on passenger car tires. The system is based on the use of a laterally illuminated glass on which the tire leans. Between them a plastic interphase is located that will cause the FTIR of light. A video camera catches the formed shining image through the glass. The brightness level in each pixel of the image can be related to the existing normal pressure. The study of the contact patch provided by the bench makes it possible to characterize tire behaviour under different loading states, inflation pressure, tire defects and toe and camber angles. The bench incorporates a computerized load and control system of the tire operation parameters, an image acquisition module and a data acquisition system that allow monitoring and acting on the experimental variables of interest in the tests such as load on the tire and environmental conditions. A supporting mechanical system incorporated to the bench allows providing the tire with variable toe and camber angles. From the images obtained with this system, the maximum normal pressure points, total force, size and shape of the patch can be determined, which are related to the tire-use conditions. As an application example, results that show the patch size and shape under different load and tire inflation pressures are presented. A further application, which is the use of the system for the detection and study of defective tires is also presented. 相似文献
66.
Raquel Espino Juan de Dios Ortúzar Concepcin Romn 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2007,41(10):899-912
We analyse the choice of mode in suburban corridors using nested logit specifications with revealed and stated preference data. The latter were obtained from a choice experiment between car and bus, which allowed for interactions among the main policy variables: travel cost, travel time and frequency. The experiment also included parking cost and comfort attributes. The attribute levels in the experiment were adapted to travellers’ experience using their revealed preference information. Different model specifications were tested accounting for the presence of income effect, systematic taste variation, and incorporating the effect of latent variables. We also derived willingness-to-pay measures, such as the subjective value of time, that vary among individuals as well as elasticity values. Finally, we analysed the demand response to various policy scenarios that favour public transport use by considering improvements in level-of-service, fare reductions and/or increases in parking costs. In general, demand was shown to be more sensitive to policies that penalise the private car than those improving public transport. 相似文献
67.
During the seasonal stratification of 1983 and 1984, intensive sampling of the shelf region of the northeast Spanish coast was carried out. This unique dataset is used to define the most salient features of the shelf water dynamics. We show that region has a strong spatial and temporal variability associated with the southward spreading of continental waters from the Rhone river, in the northern gulf of Lyons. Southward spreading begins in early spring and was particularly obvious during June 1983 when strong horizontal density gradients were observed. Spreading almost completely disappears in August when observed upper layer salinities are uniform. We also show that significant shelf/slope water exchange takes place associated with the abrupt topographic canyons found in the region. In particular we observed in June 1983 a small positive geostrophic vorticity region at the Palamós canyon while a larger anticyclonic eddy was observed over the shelf south of this canyon. The biological implications of these two features have been demonstrated. We conclude indicating that in this region where no dominant winds exist, the shelf water dynamics is dominated by the southward spreading of low salinity continental waters and by the intrusion of high salinity open ocean water through submarine canyons. 相似文献
68.
Effect of attitudes, habit and affective appraisal on mode choice: an application to university workers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Traditionally, car use and modal choice, in general, have been studied under the random utility framework, assuming that individuals
choose a particular mode based on their own socio-economic characteristics and the attributes describing the available options.
This approach has originated useful models which have been able to explain modal split. However, at the same time, it has
received critics because of its poor characterization of human behaviour and the weakness of its assumptions. Research has
suggested that socio-psychological factors could help to understand better the choice process. In this paper, attitudinal
theory and its link to human behaviour were used to select attitudes, habit and affective appraisals as explanatory variables.
They were measured using ad-hoc instruments, which were combined with a revealed preference questionnaire, in order to obtain
information about the traveller and the chosen mode. This instrument was applied to a sample extracted from staff members
of the University of Concepcion, Chile. Analyses of attitudinal variables showed that car use habit was positively correlated
to attitude and positive emotions towards car, implying that breaking the vicious circle of car use through persuasive techniques
might be difficult. Estimation of discrete choice models showed that attitudinal variables presented a significant contribution
to modal utility, and helped to improve both fitness and statistical significance. Results showed that choice can be influenced
by factors related to attitudes and affective appraisal, and that their study is necessary in order to achieve an effective
car use reduction.
相似文献
Alejandro TudelaEmail: |
69.
70.
A. Broatch J. M. Luján S. Ruiz P. Olmeda 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(2):129-140
Most of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from automotive DI Diesel engines are produced during the engine
warm-up period and are primarily caused by difficulties in obtaining stable and efficient combustion under these conditions.
Furthermore, the contribution of engine starting to these emissions is not negligible; since this operating condition is highly
unfavorable for the combustion progress. Additionally, the catalytic converter is ineffective due to the low engine temperature.
In conjunction with adequate engine settings (fuel injection and fresh air control), either the glow plugs or the intake air
heater are activated during a portion of the engine warm-up period, so that a nominal engine temperatures is reached faster,
and the impact of these difficulties is minimized. Measurement of gaseous pollutants during engine warm-up is currently possible
with detectors used in standard exhaust gas analyzers (EGA), which have response times well-suited for sampling at such transient
conditions. However, these devices are not suitable for the measurement of exhaust emissions produced during extremely short
time intervals, such as engine starting. Herein, we present a methodology for the measurement of the cumulative pollutant
emissions during the starting phase of passenger car DI Diesel engines, with the goal of overcoming this limitation by taking
advantage of standard detectors. In the proposed method, a warm canister is filled with an exhaust gas sample at constant
volumetric flow, during a time period that depends on the engine starting time; the gas concentration in the canister is later
evaluated with a standard EGA. When compared with direct pollutant measurements performed with a state-of-art EGA, the proposed
procedure was found to be more sensitive to combustion changes and provided more reliable data. 相似文献