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11.
Transportation - Millennials, the demographic cohort born in the last two decades of the twentieth century, are reported to adopt information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their everyday... 相似文献
12.
Telecommuting and travel: state of the practice,state of the art 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Patricia L. Mokhtarian 《Transportation》1991,18(4):319-342
This paper provides an overview of the status of telecommuting in the United States, especially as it relates to changes in travel behavior. Regarding the state of the practice, the paper discusses some refinements to the definition of telecommuting that have developed through increased operational experience. It reports several policy statements involving telecommuting, and explores the appeal of telecommuting as a public policy instrument. It highlights some trends in the implementation of home-based and work center-based telecommuting, and suggests that visible public-sector involvement has been crucial to the increased activity in this area.In sketching the state of the art, the paper outlines some frequently-stated hypotheses on telecommuting and travel behavior, and summarizes current empirical findings relating to those hypotheses. Finally, it suggests a variety of topics suitable for further research. These include studying factors influencing the ultimate adoption levels of telecommuting; impacts on energy/air quality, mode choice, and location/urban form; interactions with other transportation demand management strategies; relationships to the traditional urban travel demand forecasting process; cost/benefit tradeoffs; and telecommuting centers. 相似文献
13.
QingyinZheng BelindaSHarris PatriciaFWard-Bailey HepingYu RoderickTBronson MurielTDavisson KennethRJohnson 《西安交通大学学报(医学版)》2004,25(3):209-212,260
目的 定位小鼠致聋基因 ,识别决定其性状的有关突变 ,为人类耳聋基因研究提供动物模型。方法 利用全基因组扫描来定位名为hml可致小鼠听力丧失突变基因。结果 ①hml基因定位在小鼠 10号染色体上 ,距中心粒约4 3cM处。根据已知的鼠 人同源同线性特点 ,提示人的同源基因位于 12 q2 2 -q2 4 ;②获得了 2 5个多态性微卫星标记 ,通过高分辨的小鼠图谱将 3个已知人类基因进行了正确排列 ,并将hml侯选基因限定在一个 5 0 0kb的区域内。 相似文献
14.
Yan Xing Susan L. Handy Patricia L. Mokhtarian 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2010,15(2):73-81
The majority of bicycling in the US is for recreation rather than transportation purposes but few studies have examined the question of bicycling purpose. We use data from an online survey conducted in 2006 in six small cities in the western US to examine factors affecting bicycling for transportation compared to bicycling for recreation. The results indicate that individual, social-environment, and physical-environment factors have important influences on the balance between transportation and recreational bicycling and on miles of bicycling for each purpose. Bicycling comfort and an aversion to driving are associated with more transportation bicycling. A culture of utilitarian bicycling and short distances to destinations are also key factors for transportation bicycling. Bicycle infrastructure appears to play an indirect role through its effect on perceived bicycling safety and through the self-selection effect, by attracting bicycling-inclined people to bicycling-supportive communities. 相似文献
15.
Bacterial production and microbial food web structure in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Catherine Vallires Leira Retamal Patricia Ramlal Christopher L. Osburn Warwick F. Vincent 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,74(3-4):756
Globally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect in the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea, in July–August 2004. Surface bacterial concentrations averaged 6.7 × 105 cells mL− 1 with no significant differences between sampling zones. Picocyanobacteria were abundant in the river, and mostly observed as cell colonies. Their concentrations in the surface waters decreased across the salinity gradient, dropping from 51,000 (river) to 30 (sea) cells mL− 1. There were accompanying shifts in protist community structure, from diatoms, cryptophytes, heterotrophic protists and chrysophytes in the river, to dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, chrysophytes, prasinophytes, diatoms and heterotrophic protists in the Beaufort Sea.Size-fractionated bacterial production, as measured by 3H–leucine uptake, varied from 76 to 416 ng C L− 1 h− 1. The contribution of particle-attached bacteria (> 3 µm fraction) to total bacterial production decreased from > 90% at the Mackenzie River stations to < 20% at an offshore marine site, and the relative importance of this particle-based fraction was inversely correlated with salinity and positively correlated with particulate organic carbon concentrations. Glucose enrichment experiments indicated that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River but not in the coastal ocean. Prior exposure of water samples to full sunlight increased the biolability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mackenzie River but decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.Estimated depth-integrated bacterial respiration rates in the Mackenzie River were higher than depth-integrated primary production rates, while at the marine stations bacterial respiration rates were near or below the integrated primary production rates. Consistent with these results, PCO2 measurements showed surface water supersaturation in the river (mean of 146% of air equilibrium values) and subsaturation or near-saturation in the coastal sea. These results show a well-developed microbial food web in the Mackenzie River system that will likely convert tundra carbon to atmospheric CO2 at increasing rates as the arctic climate continues to warm. 相似文献
16.
Mustapha Harb Yu Xiao Giovanni Circella Patricia L. Mokhtarian Joan L. Walker 《Transportation》2018,45(6):1671-1685
Automated driving technologies are currently penetrating the market, and the coming fully autonomous cars will have far-reaching, yet largely unknown, implications. A critical unknown is the impact on traveler behavior, which in turn impacts sustainability, the economy, and wellbeing. Most behavioral studies, to date, either focus on safety and human factors (driving simulators; test beds), assume travel behavior implications (microsimulators; network analysis), or ask about hypothetical scenarios that are unfamiliar to the subjects (stated preference studies). Here we present a different approach, which is to use a naturalistic experiment to project people into a world of self-driving cars. We mimic potential life with a privately-owned self-driving vehicle by providing 60 h of free chauffeur service for each participating household for use within a 7-day period. We seek to understand the changes in travel behavior as the subjects adjust their travel and activities during the chauffeur week when, as in a self-driving vehicle, they are explicitly relieved of the driving task. In this first pilot application, our sample consisted of 13 subjects from the San Francisco Bay area, drawn from three cohorts: millennials, families, and retirees. We tracked each subject’s travel for 3 weeks (the chauffeur week, 1 week before and 1 week after) and conducted surveys and interviews. During the chauffeur week, we observed sizable increases in vehicle-miles traveled and number of trips, with a more pronounced increase in trips made in the evening and for longer distances and a substantial proportion of “zero-occupancy” vehicle-miles traveled. 相似文献
17.
The Influences of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Pedestrian Behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pedestrian travel offers a wide range of benefits to both individuals and society. Planners and public health officials alike
have been promoting policies that improve the quality of the built environment for pedestrians: mixed land uses, interconnected
street networks, sidewalks and other facilities. Whether such policies will prove effective remains open to debate. Two issues
in particular need further attention. First, the impact of the built environment on pedestrian behavior may depend on the
purpose of the trip, whether for utilitarian or recreational purposes. Second, the connection between the built environment
and pedestrian behavior may be more a matter of residential location choice than of travel choice. This study aims to provide
new evidence on both questions. Using 1368 respondents to a 1995 survey conducted in six neighborhoods in Austin, TX, two
separate negative binomial models were estimated for the frequencies of strolling trips and pedestrian shopping trips within
neighborhoods. We found that although residential self-selection impacts both types of trips, it is the most important factor
explaining walking to a destination (i.e. for shopping). After accounting for self-selection, neighborhood characteristics
(especially perceptions of these characteristics) impact strolling frequency, while characteristics of local commercial areas
are important in facilitating shopping trips. 相似文献
18.
This paper offers a conceptual exploration of the potential impacts of ICTs on leisure activities and the associated travel.
We start by discussing what leisure is and is not. We point out that the boundaries between leisure, mandatory, and maintenance
activities are permeable, for three reasons: the multi-attribute nature of a single activity, the sequential interleaving
of activity fragments, and the simultaneous conduct of multiple activities (multitasking). We then discuss four kinds of ways
by which ICT can affect leisure activities and travel: the replacement of a traditional activity with an ICT counterpart,
the generation of new ICT activities (that may displace other activities), the ICT-enabled reallocation of time to other activities,
and ICT as a facilitator of leisure activities. We suggest 13 dimensions of leisure activities that are especially relevant
to the issue of ICT impacts: location (in)dependence, mobility-based versus stationary, time (in)dependence, planning horizon,
temporal structure and fragmentation, possible multitasking, solitary versus social activity, active versus passive participation,
physical versus mental, equipment/media (in)dependence, informal versus formal arrangements required, motivation, and cost.
The primary impact of ICT on leisure is to expand an individual’s choice set; however whether or not the new options will
be chosen depends on the attributes of the activity (such as the 13 identified dimensions), as well as those of the individual.
The potential transportation impacts when the new options are chosen are ambiguous. 相似文献
19.
This study explores the relationships between adoption and consideration of three travel-related strategy bundles (travel
maintaining/increasing, travel reducing, and major location/lifestyle change), linking them to a variety of explanatory variables.
The data for this study are the responses to a fourteen-page survey returned by nearly 1,300 commuting workers living in three
distinct San Francisco Bay area neighborhoods in May 1998. We first identified patterns of adoption and consideration among
the bundles, using pairwise correlation tests. The test results indicate that those who have adopted coping strategies continue
to seek for improvements across the spectrum of generalized cost, but perhaps most often repeating the consideration of a
previously-adopted bundle. Furthermore, we developed a multivariate probit model for individuals’ simultaneous consideration
of the three bundles. It is found that in addition to the previous adoption of the bundles, qualitative and quantitative Mobility-related
variables, Travel Attitudes, Personality, Lifestyle, Travel Liking, and Sociodemographics significantly affect individual
consideration of the strategy bundles. Overall, the results of this study give policy makers and planners insight into understanding
the dynamic nature of individuals’ responses to travel-related strategies, as well as differences between the responses to
congestion that are assumed by policy makers and those that are actually adopted by individuals.
Sangho Choo is a Research Associate at The Korea Transport Institute. His research interests include travel demand modeling, travel survey methods with GPS, and travel behavior modeling. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy MS/PhD program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She has been modeling travel behavior and attitudes for more than 30 years. 相似文献
Patricia L. Mokhtarian (Corresponding author)Email: |
Sangho Choo is a Research Associate at The Korea Transport Institute. His research interests include travel demand modeling, travel survey methods with GPS, and travel behavior modeling. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy MS/PhD program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She has been modeling travel behavior and attitudes for more than 30 years. 相似文献
20.
The majority of comparisons between state transportation systems do not control for characteristics that may vary greatly
between states (e.g., vehicle miles traveled). A shortcoming of such analyses is that a state’s individual characteristics
can be highly influential in determining how transportation policy is set and funds are spent. The purpose of this paper is
to extend previous efforts to create groups of similar peer states by developing a new methodological framework that incorporates
demographic, temporal, and locational variability into the peer group delineations. We collected historical data for 42 variables
on transportation infrastructure, population, economy, growth, topography and weather. To examine trends before and after
the passage of ISTEA we gathered data over two time periods: 1985 through 1990 and 1995 through 2000. Using principal components
analysis (PCA) we reduced variables into seven components, and then statistically clustered states into peer groups for each
time period based on the components and the remaining variables. We identified a range of cluster solutions and demonstrate
how cluster statistics help to describe the contextual basis behind the peer grouping. The results of this study are to provide
government agencies, researchers and the public with a systematic methodological framework for identifying peer states that
reflect similar attributes contributing to the development and maintenance of state transportation systems.
相似文献
Debbie A. Niemeier (Corresponding author)Email: |