低地板城轨车传动用外转子异步轮毂电动机

轮毂传动对于城轨车高于低地板的部分的制造是一种经济的方法.液冷的交流牵引电动机采用外转子结构是将电动车常规的传动单元的所有部件集成为一个紧凑的模块.在某些情况下这种模块用车轮的橡胶弹簧来减振,但它必须能承受来自线路的所有应力负荷.     

Measuring network reliability: A game theoretic approach

Despite the importance of assessing the reliability of transport networks in general there is a paucity of suitable techniques. In part this is due to the fact that network performance depends both on the state of the infrastructure and on the behaviour of network users, where user behaviour is governed by expectations about the state of the network. An approach based on game theory is proposed whereby the performance of the network is estimated for the case where network users are extremely pessimistic about the state of the network. Where the routes are prespecified and route utilities depend only on exogenously given scenarios, the estimation problem may be formulated as a linear program. A reformulation of the problem as a non-linear program allows the impact of the degree of user pessimism on expected network utility to be studied. The problems of implementing the method for large networks with multiple origins and destinations is discussed and an algorithm is proposed.     

A Novel Approach to Vehicle Dynamics using the Theory of a Cosserat Point and its Application to Collision Analyses of Platooning Vehicles

A fully three-dimensional, computationally inexpensive vehicular model is presented. In contrast to traditional rigid body models, the vehicle's sprung mass is modeled as a (nonlinearly) deformable body. The formulation of the equations of motion is based on a continuum theory known as the theory of a Cosserat point. These equations largely preserve the relative simplicity of rigid body dynamics but incorporate deformable features. The ease of computer implementation permits the simultaneous simulation of vehicle and collision dynamics of multiple vehicles and highway objects. In this paper, the theory of a Cosserat point is summarized and its general application to vehicle and collision dynamics is illustrated. A three-dimensional collision algorithm is discussed with emphasis on small closing velocities (negligible residual crush, elastic rebound). The novel model is compared to standard procedures.     

Interactions of wind and density driven currents in North Sea ROFIs—a model study

Three different versions of a baroclinic three-dimensional circulation model of the North Sea are used to obtain information on the wind and density interactions in the North Sea ROFIs (Regions Of Freshwater Influence): the standard version with fully prognostic treatment of salinity and temperature is compared to a barotropic model run on the same grid on the one hand and to an also fully prognostic model run on a four times coarser grid on the other hand. In order to gain knowledge on the wind and density interactions, two opposing wind directions are chosen for investigation, namely a time of strong north wind, 21st–28th April 1982, and a time of strong southwest wind, 22nd–24th May 1982. In the April case the effect of the salinity gradients on the border of the ROFIs of Rhine, Weser, Ems and Elbe, i.e. along the continental shore, is shown to lead to a clear enhancement of the mean surface currents. In May this result is partly disguised by the additional effect of the thermocline in the deeper parts of the North Sea, i.e. in the classical shelf sea regime region. Nevertheless, the same pattern of enhanced mean surface currents along the coast is detected and is of the same order of magnitude as in the April case. It is thus concluded that although the circulation in the North Sea is reversed by the wind, the density induced component of the general circulation is modified only slightly.     

Validation of a MATLAB Railway Vehicle Simulation Using a Scale Roller Rig

A 1/5 scale roller rig has been constructed for use in analysing the dynamic behaviour of railway vehicles. The roller rig includes a servo hydraulic system to allow a realistic input of track irregularities at the rollers and instrumentation is fitted to allow measurement of the position and acceleration of the bodies. This paper reports on the first stage in validating the behaviour of the roller rig using a relatively simple, linear computer model constructed in MATLAB. Initial results show good correlation between the behaviour seen on the roller rig and that predicted by the model.     

高档汽车却用便携式导航仪？

坐朋友的车去旅行，发现在其价值百万元的车里用的是一部便携导航仪，忍不住问他：“你车里明明有原装的车载导航，为什么要用一部便宜的便携导航产品呢？”他给我的答复是：原装的导航地图还不如便携机的地图。     

Robust control of traffic networks under uncertain conditions

Uncertainty of traffic network operations has been a subject of lively debate in the last decade. However, little effort has been put in developing control frameworks that are not only aimed at improving the average performance of the system, but also at improving the system robustness and reliability. In fact, it can be argued that most of the current control approaches are only aimed at improving the efficiency, which can even be counterproductive from a robustness point of view. The main contributions of this article is the proposition of a new control framework based on the notion of controlled Markov processes, which explicitly takes into account the uncertainty in predicted traffic conditions and system performance. Furthermore, in contrast to traditional optimal control approaches, the objective function can include general statistic of the random system performance, such as the mean, standard deviation or 95‐percentile. The contribution aims to make clear how different performance function specifications yield different control strategies. This is shown for a relatively simple case study.     

Seasonal variability of the Black Sea chlorophyll-a concentration

The optimal spectral decomposition (OSD) method is used to reconstruct seasonal variability of the Black Sea horizontally averaged chlorophyll-a concentration from data collected during the NATO SfP-971818 Black Sea Project in 1980–1995. During the reconstruction, quality control is conducted to reduce errors caused by measurement accuracy, sampling strategy, and irregular data distribution in space and time. A bi-modal structure with winter/spring (February–March) and fall (September–October) blooms is uniquely detected and accurately documented. The chlorophyll-a enriched zone rises to 15 m depth in winter and June, and deepens to 40 m in April and 35 m in August. The June rise of the chlorophyll-a enriched zone is accompanying by near-continuous reduction of upper layer maximum chlorophyll-a concentration.     

风机基本工作原理和电能变换系统

综述了风机电能变换系统.首先论述了实现风机能量变换的基础,考虑了电气系统的需求.然后描述了3种变换系统(恒速、变速双馈式异步发电机和变速直驱式发电机)的优点和缺点.其次简单叙述了所应用的电力电子变换器.最后,讨论了可选择的发电机系统和其发展趋势.发展趋势很明显倾向于变速系统.越来越多的双馈式异步发电机系统安装了应对电网故障的装置.对于直驱式风机,径向永磁同步发电机比电励磁同步发电机更便宜且效率更高.发电机的电压等级可期望提高到约5 kV.