高档汽车却用便携式导航仪？

坐朋友的车去旅行，发现在其价值百万元的车里用的是一部便携导航仪，忍不住问他：“你车里明明有原装的车载导航，为什么要用一部便宜的便携导航产品呢？”他给我的答复是：原装的导航地图还不如便携机的地图。     

Robust control of traffic networks under uncertain conditions

Uncertainty of traffic network operations has been a subject of lively debate in the last decade. However, little effort has been put in developing control frameworks that are not only aimed at improving the average performance of the system, but also at improving the system robustness and reliability. In fact, it can be argued that most of the current control approaches are only aimed at improving the efficiency, which can even be counterproductive from a robustness point of view. The main contributions of this article is the proposition of a new control framework based on the notion of controlled Markov processes, which explicitly takes into account the uncertainty in predicted traffic conditions and system performance. Furthermore, in contrast to traditional optimal control approaches, the objective function can include general statistic of the random system performance, such as the mean, standard deviation or 95‐percentile. The contribution aims to make clear how different performance function specifications yield different control strategies. This is shown for a relatively simple case study.     

Seasonal variability of the Black Sea chlorophyll-a concentration

The optimal spectral decomposition (OSD) method is used to reconstruct seasonal variability of the Black Sea horizontally averaged chlorophyll-a concentration from data collected during the NATO SfP-971818 Black Sea Project in 1980–1995. During the reconstruction, quality control is conducted to reduce errors caused by measurement accuracy, sampling strategy, and irregular data distribution in space and time. A bi-modal structure with winter/spring (February–March) and fall (September–October) blooms is uniquely detected and accurately documented. The chlorophyll-a enriched zone rises to 15 m depth in winter and June, and deepens to 40 m in April and 35 m in August. The June rise of the chlorophyll-a enriched zone is accompanying by near-continuous reduction of upper layer maximum chlorophyll-a concentration.     

风机基本工作原理和电能变换系统

综述了风机电能变换系统.首先论述了实现风机能量变换的基础,考虑了电气系统的需求.然后描述了3种变换系统(恒速、变速双馈式异步发电机和变速直驱式发电机)的优点和缺点.其次简单叙述了所应用的电力电子变换器.最后,讨论了可选择的发电机系统和其发展趋势.发展趋势很明显倾向于变速系统.越来越多的双馈式异步发电机系统安装了应对电网故障的装置.对于直驱式风机,径向永磁同步发电机比电励磁同步发电机更便宜且效率更高.发电机的电压等级可期望提高到约5 kV.     

Controls on stratification in the Rhine ROFI system

Stratification in the Rhine ROFI is very variable; the mean water column stability is controlled by the combined effect of tidal, wind and wave stirring which, at times, brings about complete vertical homogeneity. Control by the mixing variables has been elucidated by a regression analysis of mean stratification on the components of the windstress and significant wave height. There is strong partial correlation with all three variables which explains between 56% and 65% of the variance in two time series of observations in October 1990 and September 1992, respectively. During periods of low stirring the water column was observed to re-stratify over the whole inshore region through the relaxation of the horizontal gradients under gravity and with the influence of rotation. Superimposed on the mean stratification there is strong semi-diurnal variation, occurring throughout the stratified region at times of reduced mixing. The amplitude of this semi-diurnal variation is of the same order as the mean stability and frequently results in conditions being mixed or nearly mixed once per tide. This semi-diurnal variation results primarily from cross-shore tidal straining which interacts with the main density gradient to induce stratification. The hypothesis that water column stability is controlled by the combination of these processes has been tested using a reduced physics model which has been successful in reproducing the main features of both the mean and semi-diurnal components of stratification.     

A traffic flow simulator for network reliability assessment

This paper investigates the transportation network reliability based on the information provided by detectors installed on some links. A traffic flow simulator (TFS) model is formulated for assessing the network reliability (in terms of travel time reliability), in which the variation of perceived travel time error and the fluctuations of origin-destination (OD) demand are explicitly considered. On the basis of prior OD demand and partial updated detector data, the TFS can estimate the link flows for the whole network together with link/path travel times, and their variance and covariance. The travel time reliability by OD pair can also be assessed and the OD matrix can be updated simultaneously. A Monte Carlo based algorithm is developed to solve the TFS model. The application of the proposed TFS model is illustrated by a numerical example.     

G1206型大功率液力传动内燃机车

Ｇ１２０６型机车是ＶＳＦＴ公司的ＲＡＧ公司生产的标准大功率液力传动内燃机车，它的最显著的特点是功率大、工作可靠、适应重载牵引和调车作业。对该型机车的主要结构部件，如柴油机、液力换向传动装置、空压机、转向架、中央控制器等均作了介绍。     

Short‐term travel time forecasts for transport information system in hong kong

In this paper, a case study is carried out in Hong Kong for demonstration of the Transport Information System (TIS) prototype. A traffic flow simulator (TFS) is presented to forecast the short‐term travel times that can be served as a predicted travel time database for the TIS in Hong Kong. In the TFS, a stochastic deviation coefficient is incorporated to simulate the minute‐by‐minute fluctuation of traffic flows within the peak hour period. The purposes of the case study are: 1) to show the applicability of the TFS for larger‐scale road network; and 2) to illustrate the short‐term forecasting of path travel times in practice. The results of the case study show that the TFS can be applied to real network effectively. The predicted travel times are compared with the observed travel times on the selected paths for an OD pair. The results show that the observed path travel times fall in the 90% confidence interval of the predicted path travel times.