Seventy Minutes Plus or Minus 10 — A Review of Travel Time Budget Studies

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of travel-time budget (TTB) studies in the literature for about the past four decades. Starting with the concept of TTBs, it discusses both the studies that support the existence of TTB and also those that deem the concept to be unfounded. Sociodemographic variables and their relation to TTB are also discussed briefly. However, as past studies use different data sources, survey techniques, and methodology for analysis, cross comparison of studies is not possible. Most importantly, the underlying cause of the regularity that is found at an aggregate level is still not known. The idea of TTB is important because, if it exists, it would mean that the total time spent on travelling per person per day will remain unchanged in spite of all improvements to transport. TTB has immense implications for transport policies and it is usually ignored. The paper also explores the available theoretical explanation of this concept, past research gaps and new analysis potentials. Recent directions in TTB studies are also discussed together with the potential use of multiday multiyear panel data in TTB research to explore the phenomenon better than before.     

Quantifying the Difference Between Self-Reported and Global Positioning Systems-Measured Journey Durations: A Systematic Review

Accurate measurement of travel behaviour is vital for transport planning, modelling, public health epidemiology, and assessing the impact of travel interventions. Self-reported diaries and questionnaires are traditionally used as measurement tools; advances in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology allow for comparison. This review aimed to identify and report about studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey durations. We systematically searched, appraised, and analysed published and unpublished articles from electronic databases, reference lists, bibliographies, and websites up to December 2012. Included studies used GPS and self-report to investigate trip duration. The average trip duration from each measure was compared and an aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was calculated. We found 12 results from eight eligible studies. All studies showed self-reported journey times were greater than GPS-measured times. The difference between self-report and GPS times ranged from over-reporting of +2.2 to +13.5 minutes per journey. The aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was over-report of +4.4 minutes (+28.6%). Studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey duration have shown self-reported to be consistently over-reported across the study sample. Our findings suggest that when using self-reported journey behaviour, the journey durations should be treated as an over-estimation.     

Entry barriers in seaports

The different types of entry barrier in seaports are analysed and the policies and practices to reduce them are discussed in this paper. In most seaports, economic, regulatory, and geographical entry barriers are substantial and increasing in complexity as ports become embedded in supply chains and multilayered networks with multiple entry-levels. Various entry barriers in seaports are identified through an overview of the relevant literature and their presence is confirmed by empirical data describing them. The case is then made for lowering these barriers. This would be desirable from an economic point of view, since lower barriers strengthen the contestability of markets and increase the level of intra-port competition. The latter might yield substantial benefits, such as fostering specialization and preventing the abuse of market power. Finally, low entry barriers would facilitate the faster implementation of new technologies and business models. In the third part of the analysis, policies and practices designed to reduce entry barriers are examined. The implications are discussed of current national and supranational (EU) policy initiatives aimed to liberalize service provision in seaports. Other (de)regulatory policies that could contribute to the reduction of entry barriers are analysed.     

2010:预测与战略

全球经济——宏观经济在很大程度上取决于公共刺激政策是否能激发真正的市场需求 在经历了大幅下跌后，全球经济已然开始恢复正增长。然而，这种经济回暖并不均衡，而且并非可持续的，尤其是在发达国家。虽然经济情况持续改观，但是仍然远离正常状态。同时，银行系统弱点一直存在。     

MULTI-AGENT BASED DISTRIBUTED PROCESS PLANNING MANAGEMENT

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓａｎｄｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｔｏｂｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｃｏｎｖｅｒｔａｐａｒｔｆｒｏｍｒａｗｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｔｏａｇｉｖｅｎｓｈａｐｅ．Ｉｔｓｒｏｌｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｂｅｏｎｌｙｓｅｅｎａｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｕｎａｍｂｉｇｕｏｕｓｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｏｓｅｅｋｏｕｔ，ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐａｎｄａｉｄｉｎｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔ…     

Can long-haul low-cost airlines be successful?

A key question is whether the very successful, largely short-haul LCC business model can work over long-haul sectors? This paper compares the cost and other advantages of LCCs and evaluates how far they might be applied to long-haul sectors. It is estimated that cost advantages might be much lower than the 50-60% on short-hauls. Other factors such as the adoption by network airlines of some LCC features and their likely competitive response, the limited potential for market stimulation, the need for dense markets and feed traffic all combine to cast doubt on the widespread establishment of the business model for long-haul flights.     

Strategic re-thinking in shipping companies

This article proposes a framework for how successful shipping companies can develop strategies for growth and take advantage of business opportunities. It is essential to strengthen strategy implementation to trigger faster, internallygenerated and profitable business growth. Formal planning and control systems, as they traditionally exist in shipping companies, need to be modified to allow for such growth. The forward-thinkers, the truly dynamic companies, will be able to perceive business opportunities before anyone else, mobilize their people, and implement the necessary strategies. In doing so, a balance must be struck between the everyday and visionary focus, between the top-down and bottom-up focus, between the business and corporate portfolio focus. Shipping companies can learn from the example of the progressive business leaders in other fields, capitalizing on their way to succeed and grow, by developing a dual capability to 'see' new opportunities and to 'mobilize' the relevant organizational resources to implement these. Examples from successful shipping companies are provided.     

一脉相承 Audi TT Roadster

奥迪宣布了第二代TT敞蓬跑车的诞生。新车依旧传承了上一代TT时尚圆润的造型风格,折叠车顶仍然坚持使用软质布顶,好处是减少整备质量的同时又降低了重心高度。     

铁路货车的在线监测

介绍了西门子公司开发的铁路货车在线监测系统.     

何时国产：Honda CR-V

本田官方正式发布2007 Honda CR-V，在欧洲上市的车型动力方面是由一款2.0升的汽油发动机或是一款2.2升柴油发动机趋动。本田技术领先的104千瓦2.2Li-CTDi柴油发动机没有什么变化，由于新款CR-V的空气动力学指数改良了12%，从而增加了燃油的经济性。