Out-of-round railway wheels—a study of wheel polygonalization through simulation of three-dimensional wheel-rail interaction and wear

The objective of this study is to develop a tool for investigation of wheel tread polygonalization with radial irregularities including 1 to 20 wavelengths around the circumference of the wheel. Therefore, an existing multibody system model for simulation of general three-dimensional train-track interaction (accounting for frequencies up to several kHz) is extended with rolling contact mechanics according to FASTSIM. Furthermore, the model is also modified to allow for general wheel-rail profiles. The numerical model uses the concept of an iteration scheme including simulation of dynamic train-track interaction in the time domain coupled with a long-term wear model. A demonstration example including a bogie of a subway train travelling on a straight track is presented. In the example, an initial wheel out-of-roundness (OOR) is applied to the wheels. This irregularity is based on an amplitude spectrum derived from measurements on new wheels. Simulation results show that the most important wavelength-fixing mechanisms of the wheel OOR are (i) the vertical resonance of the coupled train-track system at approximately 40 Hz (the P2 resonance) and (ii) the frequency region including the lowest vertical track antiresonance at 165 Hz, where the dynamic track stiffness is high. Only a straight track is studied, but the model allows for asymmetric train motion on such a track.     

Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.     

五轴联动数控铣床高效加工螺旋浆曲面

把微分几何中曲线与曲面之间的“切触”概念应用于复杂曲面的数控加工,提出用圆柱铣刀和圆锥盘铣刀的外圆在五坐标联动中加工三维自由曲面的最佳切触条件.文章的特色是利用曲线与曲面之间可以比曲面与曲面之间贴合得更紧密的特点,把微分几何里的曲线与曲面之间的“切触”概念应用于曲面数控加工.     

Educational technology: Enhancing port training

Continued improvements in educational technologies using CD-ROM and the Internet can enhance student learning in both a face-to-face mode and delivery at a distance. This paper considers the development and use of enhanced educational technologies for port training and education, both within the classroom and at a distance.     

基于全矢量显式算法的双相流填充数值模拟

基于模拟填充过程显式算法,提出用于模拟双相流的全矢量化运算显式算法。在双相流混合理论的基础上,对各类双相流填充及组份分离现象进行模拟。为高效求解耦合的Navier Stokes方程,新算法中的矩阵操作仅在单元一级进行,避免全局求解,使全局操作完全矢量化。新算法的另一显著优势,是采用等阶插值的普通单元,使不可压缩条件通过反馈修正的方法得到满足,通过系统化的光顺处理来避免由于应用等阶插值而导致的自锁。由于全局操作完全矢量化,计算代价与节点的自由度近似成正比,可实现高效的双相流填充及组份分离现象的模拟,满足工业应用中模拟复杂实际问题的需要。     

Two-dimensional Continuum Modeling Approach to Transportation Problems

The continuum modeling approach to transportation models is now gaining much attention because of its advantages in dealing with dense-network models, macroscopic problems, and initial phase planning. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the development and applications of the two-dimensional continuum modeling approach. The theoretical development and models with specific or arbitrary region configurations are first discussed, and then the applications of the continuum modeling approach to the determination of facility location, route choice, pedestrian flow, and policy and socio-economical analysis are reviewed. Finally, some prospective directions for future research are proposed.     

Scientific requirements for an abyssal benthic laboratory

For over thirty years man has studied “outer space” and installed satellites which watch the surface of the Earth. The great depths of the world ocean are, however, practically unknown and there is an urgent need to put abyssal benthic laboratories into “inner space” in order to study basic phenomena of interest to marine science and climatology as well as man's impact on the oceans.In view of the numerous problems related to global change, as a first step emphasis should first be on the role of the oceans and their inherent processes, which are the focus of such international programmes as the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Multi-disciplinary registration of key events at selected key sites investigating the variability in time and space are of the utmost importance. The same methods and techniques must be used for the study of human impacts on the deep oceans caused by mining of metalliferous resources and by waste disposal as well as in basic studies. However, the investigation of the inner space of our planet has certain requirements. As long-term and large-scale investigations become more and more important, development of automized systems, largely independent from research vessels will be required. This will demand high capacities of energy for all technical functions as well as high storage capacities for data and samples. As a consequence the needs for two different—although overlapping—functional approaches are defined for future deep-sea deployments.(A) A system for long-term registration of the natural variability and long-term monitoring of human impacts: (B) A system for short-term observations and short-time experimentations. This report summarizes their technological demands. The envisioned interdisciplinary technology should deliver information on physical, biological and geochemical processes and their variabilities in the deep oceans. The prospected systems need to have the ability for real time video observation, data transfer and experimental manipulation, as well as sensing and sampling facilities with large storage capacities for long-term deployments.Prospective costs of the described multipurpose abyssal benthic laboratory will presumably exceed the funds for deep-sea research of a single country. A joint European effort could solve this problem and help to manifest a leading role for European marine science in international deep-sea and global change research.     

Phenetic relationships among some free-living siphonostomatoid copepods from southwest Ireland, and the description of Glannapontius maculatus gen. et sp. nov.

Glannapontius maculatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from southwest Ireland. It is a typical example of a free-living siphonostomatoid copepod, and exhibits some intermediate features between the Asterocheridae and Artotrogidae. It is here placed in the Artotrogidae, based on an assessment of 120 morphological dichotomous characters measured on 11 species, and grouped using Average Linkage Cluster Analysis.