論未来貨車的载重量

为了提高铁路运輸能力,除了采用新型牵引动力以外,还必須补充一批新型高效率的大吨位車辆。这些車辆应具有自重系数小,高速运行时运用可靠,有可能实行机械化装卸,及其造价最低等特点。尽可能地增大貨車的載重量及其单位长度的載荷,已具有特别重大的意义。这两个指标决定了机車車辆     

发动机活塞用不含镍的铝合金

<正> 汽车发动机活塞铸造用铝合金在工作温度范围内必须有较高的静力强度、动力强度和疲劳强度,同时温度膨胀系数低,耐磨性高,耐热性强。铝硅合金能在最大程度上满足上述要求。目前在苏联最普遍获得推广使用的有:КС245、АЛ30和АК10M2H牌号的合金(含硅13％以下),这些合金适用于制造柴油机的活塞,而AЛ25合金则可应用于制造拖拉机上柴油机的活塞。     

考虑不确定性因素的路径优化(英文)

A route optimization methodology in the frame of an onboard decision support/guidance system for the ship’s master has been developed and is presented in this paper.The method aims at the minimization of the fuel voyage cost and the risks related to the ship’s seakeeping performance expected to be within acceptable limits of voyage duration.Parts of this methodology were implemented by interfacing alternative probability assessment methods,such as Monte Carlo,first order reliability method(FORM) and second order reliability method(SORM),and a 3-D seakeeping code,including a software tool for the calculation of the added resistance in waves of NTUA-SDL.The entire system was integrated within the probabilistic analysis software PROBAN.Two of the main modules for the calculation of added resistance and the probabilistic assessment for the considered seakeeping hazards with respect to exceedance levels of predefined threshold values are herein elaborated and validation studies proved their efficiency in view of their implementation into an on-board optimization system.     

双平面焊接圆管截面DKT节点的中心撑杆鞍点及冠点位置的应力集中系数(英文)

A set of parametric stress analyses was carried out for two-planar tubular DKT-joints under different axial loading conditions.The analysis results were used to present general remarks on the effects of the geometrical parameters on stress concentration factors(SCFs) at the inner saddle,outer saddle,and crown positions on the central brace.Based on results of finite element(FE) analysis and through nonlinear regression analysis,a new set of SCF parametric equations was established for fatigue design purposes.An assessment study of equations was conducted against the experimental data and original SCF database.The satisfaction of acceptance criteria proposed by the UK Department of Energy(UK DoE) was also checked.Results of parametric study showed that highly remarkable differences exist between the SCF values in a multi-planar DKT-joint and the corresponding SCFs in an equivalent uni-planar KT-joint having the same geometrical properties.It can be clearly concluded from this observation that using the equations proposed for uni-planar KT-connections to compute the SCFs in multi-planar DKT-joints will lead to either considerably under-predicting or over-predicting results.Hence,it is necessary to develop SCF formulae specially designed for multi-planar DKT-joints.Good results of equation assessment according to UK DoE acceptance criteria,high values of correlation coefficients,and the satisfactory agreement between the predictions of the proposed equations and the experimental data guarantee the accuracy of the equations.Therefore,the developed equations can be reliably used for fatigue design of offshore structures.     

采用微气泡缩减高速船拖曳阻力(英文)

Ship hull form of the underwater area strongly influences the resistance of the ship.The major factor in ship resistance is skin friction resistance.Bulbous bows,polymer paint,water repellent paint(highly water-repellent wall),air injection,and specific roughness have been used by researchers as an attempt to obtain the resistance reduction and operation efficiency of ships.Micro-bubble injection is a promising technique for lowering frictional resistance.The injected air bubbles are supposed to somehow modify the energy inside the turbulent boundary layer and thereby lower the skin friction.The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of injected micro bubbles on a navy fast patrol boat(FPB) 57 m type model with the following main dimensions:L=2 450 mm,B=400 mm,and T=190 mm.The influence of the location of micro bubble injection and bubble velocity was also investigated.The ship model was pulled by an electric motor whose speed could be varied and adjusted.The ship model resistance was precisely measured by a load cell transducer.Comparison of ship resistance with and without micro-bubble injection was shown on a graph as a function of the drag coefficient and Froude number.It was shown that micro bubble injection behind the mid-ship is the best location to achieve the most effective drag reduction,and the drag reduction caused by the micro-bubbles can reach 6%-9%.     

Hyundai公司新一代1.8 L汽油机

Hyundai公司开发出1款新型1.8 L汽油机,以替代紧凑型及中型轿车上的老机型。该汽油机首次被配装在2011年亮相北美市场的Hyundai公司新款Elantra汽车上。通过应用双连续可变气门正时系统,以及能获得中、低速大扭矩和高速大功率的两级可变进气系统,这一新机型实现了高动力性能和低燃油耗。此外,优化了下部结构件和进气系统零部件,与此同时,也十分重视减轻部件质量,以降低噪声水平。该汽油机符合美国特超低排放车和欧5排放法规。简要介绍了新一代1.8 L直列4缸汽油机(Nu汽油机),以及为提高动力性能、减少燃油耗、降低排放和振动噪声而采取的各种相关技术。     

铝锂合金激光焊接时采用添加材料的效果

本文研究了B-1461和B-1469铝锂合金用激光焊方法完成焊接接头的组织形成特点和性能。业已证明,使用经稀土金属合金化的Al-Cu系添加材料,可以改善焊缝的成型,降低沿晶界形成气孔型缺陷的概率,提高焊接接头的机械性能。对焊接接头进行完全热处理可以保证提高它们的强度性能至基体金属强度的0.9。     

提高交流制电力机车的功率因数

传统的相控调压交流制电力机车采用平滑调节直流换向器电动机电压,机车粘着利用率高,但其固有缺点是功率因数较低.文章比较了几种无功功率补偿方法的优缺点.提出了用混合式滤波器来提高功率因数的方法,并进行了模拟试验.结果证明,采用混合式滤波器对于提高电力机车功率因数和降低电网电流和电压波形畸变,有明显效果.     

重型柴油机部分预混合燃烧的燃烧特性研究

部分顸混合燃烧（PPC）在燃烧可控性高和排放特性方面接近于均质充量压燃发动机。为了实现PPC,滞燃期必须足够长,以使燃油在燃烧前与空气充分混合。喷油需足够早,同时采用高废气再循环（EGR）率,以获得较长的滞燃期。为了明确PPC的原理,创建了燃烧特性随喷油定时、EGR率变化的脉谱图。在一台6缸重型柴油机上进行燃烧特性的研究,喷油始点由早到晚变化,EGR率的范围也很大。在参数扫描期间监控发动机的排放情况,在低排放、高效率的最佳区域内,研究了喷油压力和发动机转速对燃烧的影响,以获得对燃烧更全面的了解。