大断面浅埋土质隧道施工工法优化分析

为探明大断面浅埋土质隧道在不同施工工法开挖下的变形及支护力学响应特征,寻求适用的工法,以宁安铁路钟鸣1号隧道工程为依托,采取现场试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究该类隧道在3种不同工法下的洞周及地表变形、围岩塑性区分布范围、初期支护及二次衬砌内力变化规律。研究结果表明：大断面浅埋土质隧道围岩变形有明显的空间效应,开挖面处预收敛变形所占比例约40%-50%;CRD法与六步CD法施工在控制洞周及地表变形方面明显优于三台阶临时仰拱法,且开挖产生的围岩塑性区分布范围小,两者均能满足围岩及支护稳定性的要求,而CRD法较六步CD法施工工期稍长、造价稍高,因此六步CD法为该类地层隧道施工的优选工法。     

Finite element analysis of overlay incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers against reflective cracking

A wheel tracking test was modelled to gain better understanding of the deflection and stress-strain distribution in an overlaid cracked pavements with and without membrane interlayer （SAMI）. For this purpose, commercial finite element software Abaqus 6.7-1 was used. Two different models were considered, one incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers （SAMIs） and the other without SAMI. In the study, full bond condition was assumed for the boundaries between the layers, and a linear elastic model was used for the analysis. The results show that introduction of SAMI caused greater deflection of the pavement. It is found that although with SAMIs, low stiffness is required, a very low stiffness may yield undesirable results. The results show that the introduction of SAMIs results in high strain concentration around the crack region, whilst the strain in the overlay is smaller than the values predicted in the models without SAMIs.     

中国机动化发展特征与政策研究

为优化城市机动化发展模式与路径,首先从机动化的目的和效应两个方面界定了机动化内涵,分析了个体机动化和公共机动化两类模式特征及相应的衡量指标。然后,应用历史数据研究了中国汽车产业政策、道路运输市场政策和城市交通政策与机动化发展历程的关系。研究结果表明,个体机动化政策效果明显优于公共机动化政策,发挥效应时间为1-2年,非机动交通政策对个体与公共机动化模式都有重要影响。最后,针对中国机动化发展在能源、环境、交通等方面的制约,提出了统筹制定产业发展政策、合理制定城市交通发展政策、把握公共机动化政策推行时机和优化非机动交通政策四个方面的建议。     

Grain refinement in bearing steels using a double-quenching heat-treatment process

A double-quenching (D/Q) process is proposed for heat-treating high carbon-chromium bearing steels to improve the fatigue properties through refinement of the microstructure. The new heat treatment method has two steps: The first step is a nitrocarburizing process that results in high surface hardness and lowers the transformation temperature. The second step is the same as in the conventional quenching process but can be conducted at a considerably lower temperature than in conventional quenching. The microstructure in the material that is caused by the D/Q heat treatment is much finer than in the conventional Q/T (quenching and tempering) process. In order to quantify the performance of the proposed heat-treatment process, various mechanical property tests are carried out. The rolling contact fatigue life of double-quenched bearing steels was eight times higher than in bearing steels that were treated by conventional Q/T.     

蛇欲吞象 谈何容易

今年1月5日,保时捷汽车控股集团宣布终于收购欧洲最大乘用车制造商大众公司50.76％的股份。这一度让人们以为汽车业史上历时最长、最不可能完成的一项收购案终于结束。这意味着一家雇员仅12000名,年产量只有10万辆汽车的公司竟然收购了雇员373400名,2008年年产辆达到623万辆的汽车工业巨子。     

NA1型运输卡车专用车的研制

阐述了NA₁型运输卡车专用车的主要用途、特点、技术参数、结构及试验情况。该车具有良好的综合技术经济性,拓展了铁路汽车物流市场。     

The relationship between transportation vulnerability,school attendance,and free transportation to an afterschool program for youth

Transportation - Transportation vulnerability, defined as lack of access to transportation resulting in financial, social, or health consequences, reduces quality of life. While research has...     

Use of an activity diary survey to examine travel and activity reporting in a home interview survey: An example using data from Adelaide,Australia

Research presented in this paper uses results from an acitivity diary survey to comment on the quality of data collected in a home interview travel survey. The two surveys were conducted in Adelaide, Australia. Evidence is presented to suggest that although a period of slightly more than three years separated the two surveys, the samples were reasonably similar with respect to their socio-demographic composition and real mobility levels. There was, however, a much higher level of travel and out-of-home activity reporting in the activity diary when compared to the home interview survey. Differences in reporting rates are examined in detail and areas of deficiency with the home interview survey are identified. The paper concludes with a short discussion of the possible implications of these deficiencies when home interview survey data is used to investigate a range of urban transport issues.     

A Review of Beach Bye-Law Usage in Supporting Coastal Management in Ireland

Coastal areas are commonly the focus of a range of human activities and uses. Beaches are one example of multi-use coastal environments, accommodating activities linked to leisure and recreation, amenity, conservation and business, often simultaneously. Ireland is no different in this regard, as its beach resources provide a range of goods and services of societal value. Ireland has 16 coastal counties and their associated local authorities have a beach management remit, a role that can present a number of challenges. The use of beach bye-laws is one option to support management of beach environments by local authorities. Local authority personnel tasked with beach management from each coastal local authority were surveyed to assess the actual and potential role of beach bye-laws in contributing to more effective management of beach environments and to broader coastal management. Usage of beach bye-laws varied across local authority areas and evidence suggested that the efficacy, use, and implementation of beach bye-laws differed from county to county. Beach bye-laws offer potential but interaction with other initiatives as part of a wider program for coastal management may yield improved results.