American and European transportation responses to the 1973–74 oil embargo

A survey of U.S. and European responses to the energy crises engendered by the Arab boycott of October 1973–April 1974 is presented. U.S. Government policy actions with respect to allocation, rationing, price, and conservation measures are reviewed and contrasted with those of affected European governments. The results of those policies and their effects on transportation energy supply and demand behavior with respect to both commodity and passenger movement are described.Based on short- and long-term impact assessments of the policies considered, the authors identify significant research requirements.The authors were heavily engaged in U.S. responses to the energy emergency, and were asked to undertake study missions to those European nations significantly affected by the crisis to seek out avenues for mutual aid, and joint research, in resolving common energy problems. This paper is one product of those study missions.     

铁道部关于公布《铁路路基工程预算定额》等二十九项定额标准的通知

铁建设[2010]223号2010年11月20日各铁路局,各铁路公司(筹备组),投资、集装箱公司:现公布《铁路路基工程预算定额》、《铁路桥涵工程预算定额》、《铁路隧道工程预算定额》、     

发动机螺纹接头先进设计和装配工艺的试验认证

利用钢螺栓的屈服载荷来设计螺纹接头,并使用屈服点控制拉伸力的拧紧工艺,是当今世界轻质小排量铝发动机工业最先进的技术之一.这种技术能提高接头可靠性,降低产品成本,缩短产品上市周期.     

Measuring the potential for automobile fuel savings in the US: The impact of obesity

High rates of oil consumption and obesity in the US have become important socioeconomic concerns. While these concerns may seem unrelated at first, growing obesity rates in the US increase fuel consumption by adding passenger weight to vehicles. This paper estimates the additional amount of fuel (i.e., gasoline) consumed annually by noncommercial passenger highway vehicles in the US due to passenger overweight and obesity. The mathematical model presented in this paper estimates that as many as one billion additional gallons of gasoline are consumed each year due to overweight and obesity in the US, accounting for up to 0.8% of the fuel consumed by these vehicles annually. This additional fuel consumption causes carbon dioxide emissions of up to 20 billion pounds or more, accounting for up to 0.5% of the annual carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector.     

Damage Accumulation in Rail Steel under Rolling with Slippage and Its Analysis

Experimental research results of surface damage accumulation in rail steel under rolling with slippage are presented. Hertz contact for two rollers made of rail and wheel steels was realized in the test. The influence of loading regime upon wear of rail is considered. The estimation of characteristics of surface fracture resistance for rail steel is made. The method to predict the life of rail steel under given conditions of regular loading is proposed.     

Lead emission rates from gasoline engines—a legislative and in‐use emission rate study of U.K. and U.S. to 1990

Concern for reduction in air‐borne lead emission from passenger cars is focussed on both the legislative and practical steps in reducing lead in gasoline. The historical trends and projections to 1990 of present U.S. and U.K. policies are examined in terms of a baseline passenger car lead emission rate, g.km^‐1. It is likely that should the U.K. adopt a lead‐free petrol the decrease in lead emissions will only partially parallel the present U.S. experience from a start‐up date typically post 1990. The U.S. gasoline pool philosophy has permitted lead levels in gasoline to remain high; a pitfall which the U.K./EEC should avoid.     

The need for a structured policy towards reducing human-factor errors in marine accidents

The paper questions why so little attention has been given to the primary control centre of a merchant ship, namely the bridge, when so many accidents at sea are caused by ‘human error’. The paper then suggests that there is a need for a policy which will draw the various threads of the problem together in a form suitable for international discussion and even legislation. The identified areas are those of training, bridge design, psychology and marine traffic discipline.     

电流变流体的润滑性能研究

提出了电流变流体作为润滑剂使用的新设想，研究了电流变流体粘度的可控特性，通过试验获得了电流变流体摩擦力随电场强度、悬浮颗粒浓度、油膜厚度等因素的变化规律，为深入研究电流变流体的润滑特性奠定了基础。