Quantifying travel time variability at a single bottleneck based on stochastic capacity and demand distributions

Travel time reliability, an essential factor in traveler route and departure time decisions, serves as an important quality of service measure for dynamic transportation systems. This article investigates a fundamental problem of quantifying travel time variability from its root sources: stochastic capacity and demand variations that follow commonly used log-normal distributions. A volume-to-capacity ratio-based travel time function and a point queue model are used to demonstrate how day-to-day travel time variability can be explained from the underlying demand and capacity variations. One important finding is that closed-form solutions can be derived to formulate travel time variations as a function of random demand/capacity distributions, but there are certain cases in which a closed-form expression does not exist and numerical approximation methods are required. This article also uses probabilistic capacity reduction information to estimate time-dependent travel time variability distributions under conditions of non-recurring traffic congestion. The proposed models provide theoretically rigorous and practically useful tools for understanding the causes of travel time unreliability and evaluating the system-wide benefit of reducing demand and capacity variability.     

Travel time estimation oriented freeway sensor placement problem considering sensor failure

Optimal sensor placement on freeway corridor is of great interest to transportation authorities. However, current traffic sensors are easily subject to various failures. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate sensor failure into the optimal sensor placement model. In this article, a two-stage stochastic model is proposed for the purpose of travel time estimation on freeway corridor. To balance the effectiveness and reliability, a stochastic conditional value at risk (CVaR) model is also proposed. Since both models are too complicated, a customized genetic algorithm is developed. Numerical experiments show that considering sensor failure makes a significant performance improvement in the sensor placement pattern. Sensitivity analysis is also applied to investigate the impact of a number of allowable sensors and different traffic sensor failure probability.     

低温和常温环境下 EGR冷却器积碳台架试验对比研究

为研究发动机低温和常温环境下EGR冷却器积碳的差异性,以两台相同型号和配置的国Ⅵ柴油机为试验对象,设计了常温 （25 ℃）、低温 （-8 ℃） 两种不同环境温度下EGR积碳发动机896 h台架试验。结果表明,低温环境下EGR冷却器的积碳程度和速度均大于常温,换热效率下降幅度和压力损失增大幅度均大于常温;EGR冷却器积碳导致的换热效率下降是试验后NOx、PM排放增大,HC排放减小的主要原因,冷却器换热效率下降越严重排放变化越明显;HC的冷凝会导致废气中 HC浓度的下降,排气温度和冷却介质的冷却能力都对 EGR管道内 HC浓度的下降有影响,但是冷却介质的冷却能力起主导作用。     

汽车Trimmed Body有限元模态分析中弯曲和扭转模态的识别

针对在汽车Trimmed Body有限元模态分析中弯曲模态和扭转模态比较难识别的问题,在其左右两侧各取若干个对称的能够代表车身轮廓的点,经过VTF分析输出这些点的加速度幅值曲线,并对曲线进行相应处理。根据处理得到的合成加速度均值曲线和差值加速度均值曲线,结合模态分析的振型结果,能够较准确快捷地找到该Trimmed Body弯曲模态和扭转模态的频率值。     

中型汽车变速软轴操纵系统设计

通过目前中型常规车刚性硬杆操纵和远距离软轴操纵方式的对比,阐述了刚性硬杆操纵和远距离软轴操纵方式的优缺点;介绍了中型汽车变速软轴操纵系统的设计方法,并通过数据验算和实际验证,证明了设计方法的正确性;使用结果也表明,该设计满足整车操纵轻便性的要求,达到设计出高品质中卡、适用市场需求的目的。     

基于负阀重叠EGR策略的HCNG发动机仿真

为降低HCNG发动机NOx排放,采用负阀重叠EGR策略,利用AVL-Fire软件对HCNG发动机不同进气门开启角(θIVO)下的进气过程和燃烧过程进行了三维仿真计算,对比分析了采用负阀重叠前后发动机缸内EGR分布和燃烧过程。仿真结果表明:负阀重叠EGR策略下,排气门关闭角(θEVC)固定为340°曲轴转角不变,当θIVO为380°曲轴转角时,既可避免发生回火又能保证一定的进气量及充气效率;采用负阀重叠后,在压缩冲程后期,缸内EGR率呈梯度分布(靠近火花塞位置EGR率较低),更有利于着火及火焰传播;采用负阀重叠可降低缸内最高燃烧压力及最高温度,但会减少进入气缸的新鲜工质,降低发动机功率;通过负阀重叠实现内部EGR可降低NOx排放,但会导致着火困难,燃烧速度变慢;提高点火能量可缩短着火落后期和燃烧持续期,加快燃烧速度。     

永久性堵件漏雨问题探讨

简述永久性堵件的分类和特性;分析永久性堵件热熔圈的工艺窗口、永久性堵件可操作性及其漏雨问题的解决方法。指出合理的堵件设计,良好的操作方法和严格的现场管理是获得良好密封性的关键。     

基于Isight和AMESim的液压减振器关键参数集成优化

在AMESim中搭建了某乘用车前悬架双筒充气式液压减振器的仿真模型。以 Isight 为平台集成AMESim,对减振器模型参数进行DOE分析,提取对减振器性能影响较大的参数,作为优化的设计变量。利用Isight中的Pointer智能求解器进行优化。结果表明,经过集成优化后的减振器阻尼力曲线与目标曲线吻合较好,符合工程实际的需要。与传统方法相比,该方法缩短了时间,提高了设计效率,可用于指导减振器阀系参数的设计与性能预测。     

城市桥梁与公路桥梁设计荷载标准对比与思考

城市桥梁与公路桥梁两者设计规范相比具有很多不同,其设计荷载标准也存在不同。分析两者的差异性,对比变化着的城市桥梁和公路桥梁的行业标准,多方面地对它们的设计荷载标准进行对比和思考,以促进更多桥梁设计的多元化发展,并不断与国际接轨,缓解城市交通压力,提高人们出行水平。     

轨道交通上方跨线桥安全现状调查

轨道交通上方跨线桥的安全状态是轨道交通安全运营的基本保障。对当前轨道交通和公路上方跨线桥的安全防护措施进行总结分析,设计了上方跨线桥的轨道交通安全调查表格,并分析了上海地铁上方跨线桥现状。结果显示,轨道交通上方跨线桥主要为城市高架路和人行天桥,集中在与之相交的1、2、3、5和11号线;安全防护措施主要体现在桥下净空要求和防抛网及防撞护栏设置。