金融“海啸”来袭航运路在何方

这个冬天特别冷!这是整个航运业的普遍感觉。 由美国次贷危机所引发的金融风暴，不可避免地席卷全球，金融危机导致全球海运业的萧条，也给中国航运业带来一场大“海啸”。 2008年10月31日，反映国际干散货运价的波罗的海综合运价指数BDI报收851点，而在5月20日，该指数还创下历史新高11793点，短短5个月时间跌幅竞高达93％。     

Review of flywheel based internal combustion engine hybrid vehicles

Hybrid vehicles of different configurations and utilizing different energy storage systems have existed in development for many decades and more recently in limited production. They can be grouped as parallel, series or complex hybrids. Another classification is micro, mild and full hybrids which makes the distinction on the basis of functionality. The common energy storage systems in hybrid vehicles are batteries, supercapacitors and high speed flywheels. This paper aims to review a specific type of hybrid vehicle which involves the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the prime mover and the high speed flywheel as an energy storage device. Such hybrids are now attracting considerable interest given their potential for low cost. It is hence timely to produce a review of research and development in this subject. The flywheel is coupled to the drive line with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). The CVT can be of various types such as electrical, hydraulic or mechanical but usually in this case it is a non-electrical one. Different configurations are possible and the paper provides a timeline of the development of such powertrains with various examples. These types of hybrid vehicles have existed as prototypes for many decades and the authors believe that their development has reached levels where they can be considered serious contenders for production vehicles.     

并行工程在船舶设计与建造中的应用

在分析并行工程特点的基础上,提出了并行工程下的船舶设计建造系统结构,讨论了其实现的关键技术.给出基于DFM/DFA的CAD/CAM/CAE集成示例.     

Network representation,continuum approximations and a solution to the spatial aggregation problem of traffic assignment

This paper complements the preceding one, which showed how one could modify equilibrium traffic assignment algorithms for networks with many centroids. In this one it is shown how one can substitute centroids by zones with continuous population densities. The technique, which is mathematically guaranteed to approximate a flow pattern in accordance with Wardrop's user equilibrium criterion, requires some geometrical calculations which can be handled off-line. With the suggested approach, it is possible to represent the spatial distribution of trip ends more realistically and this allows traffic assignment models to capture the effects of short and intrazonal trips in a way previously impossible. The method is shown to be computationally feasible.     

Finite element modeling of static tire enveloping characteristics

To investigate static tire enveloping characteristics, a three dimensional (3-D) finite element model is proposed. The vertical stiffness of the tire is studied on a flat surface with and without cleat. Tire rubber materials and cord layers are represented independently using “rebar” elements available in MSC Marc Mentat. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results are given to show the validity of the proposed model. It is shown that after a certain displacement, the results of the proposed model agree well with experimental results. In addition, the model results show that regardless of the type of the cleat placed under the rim center (hub center), all vertical force curves intersect after a certain displacement, which indicates typical static enveloping characteristics. Moreover, another typical characteristic of the radial tires that is unlike those of bias-ply constructions confirms that the contact patch does not expand laterally after a level vertical load is applied to the tire, which is directly related to fuel consumption and tire tread life.     

Reducing transit fleet emissions through vehicle retrofits,replacements, and usage changes over multiple time periods

Bus transit is often promoted as a green form of transportation, but surprisingly little research has been done on how to run transit systems in a green manner. Both vehicle task assignment and purchase models are generally constructed to minimize financial costs. Integrating vehicle task assignment with purchase decisions is made challenging by the different time scales involved. An integer programming approach is used to combine vehicle purchase, retrofit and aggregated task assignment decisions. The formulation is designed to operate in sequence with traditional vehicle task assignment models, to add emissions and long term financial cost elements to the objective, while maintaining computational tractability and feasible input data requirements. In a case study, a transit agency saves money in the long term by using stimulus money to buy CNG infrastructure instead of purchasing only new buses. Carbon prices up to $400/(ton CO₂ equivalent) do not change vehicle purchase decisions, but higher carbon prices can cause more diesel hybrid purchases, at a high marginal cost. Although the motivation and numerical case study are from the US transit industry, the model is formulated to be widely applicable to green fleet management in multiple contexts.     

海洋平台结构系统弹塑性整体计算的裂纹柱壳新单元

柱壳是船舶与海洋工程结构物中主要结构构件.由于波浪等载荷的交变作用,疲劳裂纹损伤是这类结构物中一种常见且对安全性危害极大的损伤形式,因此裂纹损伤柱壳的研究一直是一个关注的课题.通常,对于韧性良好的结构物材料,在裂纹扩展前,裂纹前端可能出现较大范围的塑性,其相应的分析称为弹塑性断裂分析.另一方面,裂纹损伤构件在载荷作用下的演变与整体结构系统的关系密切,因此,包含裂纹损伤的结构整体系统计算是必要的,而目前一般的有限元方法由于裂纹存在和非线性的特殊原因,进行这样的计算工作量非常大,因此有必要开发未知量少且能反映弹塑性裂纹影响的新的结构单元.针对周向壁穿裂纹损伤柱壳,利用Sanders弹塑性裂纹解析解,通过增量运算,实现载荷和位移的增量显式表达,建立了弹塑性裂纹的单元增量刚度方程,为裂纹损伤结构系统的整体计算奠定了必要的理论基础.     

Global supply chain and port/terminal: integration and competitiveness

Much has been said of the importance of port and terminal integration in the supply chain. Authors have stressed the importance of agility to the port environment, which involves being proactive along supply chains, facilitation of intermodal integration, as well as organizational integration and partnership between ports and users. Despite the well articulated importance of the issues, little has been offered in terms of conceptualizations and empirical evidence of what really is meant by port/terminal integration in the supply chain, how such integration can be measured and quantified as well as the extent to which different ports/terminals in the world are integrated in the supply chain and competitive performance implications arising thereof. This paper aims to make a contribution in this respect by (i) reviewing the relevant literature on supply chain integration and port integration in the supply chain, (ii) conceptualizing measures for port/terminal integration in the supply chain, (iii) empirically testing the influence of port/terminal integration in the supply chain on port competitiveness and (iv) outlining the significance and value of the study for port operators, shipping lines, transport providers and for further research.