浅谈如何合理确定市政工程造价及作用

合理地编制市政工程估算、概算,可以最大程度利用好有限的财政资金。介绍了市政工程造价确定的过程及作用,有关经验可供相关专业人员参考。     

载货汽车后下部防护装置的研究

文章介绍了载货汽车车后下部防护装置的相关法规,分析了该装置的现状,进行了碰撞理论研究和相关力学分析,在此基础上,着重介绍了作者自主设计的载货汽车后下部防护装置的结构、工作原理、特点以及主要尺寸的设定方法。     

Behavioral adjustments and equity effects of congestion pricing: Analysis of morning commutes during the Stockholm Trial

This paper assesses the horizontal and vertical equity effects of the Stockholm Trial with Congestion Pricing for morning commuters, in terms of both travel behavioral adjustments and welfare effects, as a result of the toll’s direct effects and the behavioral adjustments. We consider specifically two behavioral adjustments: mode choice and departure time choice. Initial car drivers crossing the toll cordon had a 15 percentage-points higher rate of switching to public transit as compared with those not crossing the cordon. We also find some evidence of peak spreading, in particular toward a later departure time, as a result of the charging scheme, but most people choose a departure time within 15 min both before and during the trial. In the welfare analysis, we found no clear pattern of increasing burden by either increasing income or decreasing income, and the increase in the Gini Coefficient was insignificant. We also found no significant difference in either the mode-switching behavior or the average welfare effect for women versus for men.     

混凝土桥墩施工期水化热及表面抗裂影响因素研究

为提高混凝土桥墩表面抗裂性能,对其施工期水化热及表面抗裂影响因素进行研究。选取尺寸为1.5m×1.2m×1.6m的重力式矩形混凝土桥墩,采用ANSYS建立有限元模型,对桥墩的水化热温度场与应力场、养护工艺及构件设计参数对水化热温度场及其表面开裂的影响进行分析。分析结果表明:混凝土桥墩水化热过程中,由于钢筋传热,对混凝土表面温度场及箍筋、纵筋相应位置混凝土表面应力场产生影响。采取养护措施对预防混凝土早期开裂效果较好,混凝土表面应力值比无养护约下降0.6 MPa。桥墩表面温度应力随混凝土保护层厚度增大而减小,随箍筋直径增大而增大,箍筋间距变化对其影响不明显。     

New approach for performing failure analysis of fuel cell-powered vehicles

Safety of hybrid-electric and fuel cell vehicles is a critical aspect of these new technologies, since any accident exposing occupants of such vehicles to unconventional hazards may result in significant setbacks to successful market penetration. Fuel cell and hybrid-electric drive systems are complex, and it is essential to perform a thorough analysis to determine critical failure conditions. There are several safety concerns for routine operation of such systems, particularly for hydrogen-fueled vehicles. A modified Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) has been developed, along with a Criticality Analysis (CrA), to identify potentially hazardous conditions for crash and non-crash situations. A mathematical model of fuel cell operation has been developed and used here in conjunction with the FMEA. Component failures during the event modes are simulated using vehicle models developed with Matlab Simulink tools. Six simulation models were created using the software. In addition, a preliminary finite element model of a fuel cell vehicle, using a Ford Taurus (91′) model year sedan, has been developed and implemented. This finite element model is used as a demonstration of the crash simulation of the vehicle.     

Real-time queue length estimation for congested signalized intersections

How to estimate queue length in real-time at signalized intersection is a long-standing problem. The problem gets even more difficult when signal links are congested. The traditional input–output approach for queue length estimation can only handle queues that are shorter than the distance between vehicle detector and intersection stop line, because cumulative vehicle count for arrival traffic is not available once the detector is occupied by the queue. In this paper, instead of counting arrival traffic flow in the current signal cycle, we solve the problem of measuring intersection queue length by exploiting the queue discharge process in the immediate past cycle. Using high-resolution “event-based” traffic signal data, and applying Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) shockwave theory, we are able to identify traffic state changes that distinguish queue discharge flow from upstream arrival traffic. Therefore, our approach can estimate time-dependent queue length even when the signal links are congested with long queues. Variations of the queue length estimation model are also presented when “event-based” data is not available. Our models are evaluated by comparing the estimated maximum queue length with the ground truth data observed from the field. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed models can estimate long queues with satisfactory accuracy. Limitations of the proposed model are also discussed in the paper.     

Some errors in macroscopic traffic models based on car following models

The macroscopic traffic flow models developed from the car following models of Gazis et al. (1961) are shown to have a flaw in that they do not meet certain of the boundary conditions that researchers have said that they do. This does not affect many existing models but, nevertheless, should be cleared up.     

虚拟产品开发体系研究

虚拟产品开发是现实产品开发在计算机环境中的数字化映射,它将极大地缩短产品上市时间.本文提出了虚拟产品开发的定义和基于总线结构的虚拟产品开发体系结构,详细分析了虚拟产品开发的特点和核心内容,以层次结构描述了虚拟产品开发系统,并详细描述了其组成及运行机制.虚拟产品开发的特征表现为开放性、系统性、协同性、沉浸性和智能性.     

Method for obtaining the wheel–rail contact location and its application to the normal problem calculation through ‘CONTACT’

This work presents a robust methodology for calculating inter-penetration areas between railway wheel and rail surfaces, the profiles of which are defined by a series of points. The method allows general three-dimensional displacements of the wheelset to be considered, and its characteristics make it especially suitable for dynamic simulations where the wheel–rail contact is assumed to be flexible. The technique is based on the discretisation of the geometries of the surfaces in contact, considering the wheel as a set of truncated cones and the rail as points. By means of this approach, it is possible to reduce the problem to the calculation of the intersections between cones and lines, the solution for which has a closed-form expression. The method has been used in conjunction with the CONTACT algorithm in order to solve the static normal contact problem when the lateral displacement of the wheelset, its yaw angle and the vertical force applied in the wheelset centroid are prescribed. The results consist of smooth functions when the dependent coordinates are represented as a function of the independent ones, lacking the jump discontinuities that are present when a rigid contact model is adopted. Example results are shown and assessed for the normal contact problem for different lateral and yaw positions of the wheelset on the track.