超大型油船新型防泥沙设计

压载舱中的泥沙不仅会对船舶双层底产生额外载荷,还会加速底部构件腐蚀,妨碍检查,而清除淤泥一直是令船东和船员们头痛的难题。文章主要介绍应用于超大型油船VLCC的4种新型防泥沙设计概念,并分析这些设计对船舶设计、审核和建造的影响,重点关注了防泥沙设计中涉及的船体梁设计载荷和局部强度。     

后置定子对喷水推进泵性能的影响规律研究

本文采用RNG k-ε模型对不同后置定子叶数的喷水推进泵性能进行数值模拟,首先采用4119桨进行数值验证,计算结果误差均在3%以内,可有效预报水动力学性能。基于现有模型喷水推进泵,分析其水动力学性能,对比不同叶数定子的喷水推进泵性能,分析其推力性能,发现随着定子叶数增加到11叶,推力增大了5.7%,随着叶数继续增加,推力降低,最终只提高了2.1%;对转子推力进行傅里叶分析,发现转子的频域特性并未发生变化;同时分析尾流场压力脉动和湍动能分布,增加定子叶数可改善尾部流场的压力脉动,降低脉动值,随着叶数继续增大,脉动值又增加,其变化趋势与湍动能分布相同。通过掌握定子对喷水推进泵尾流场的影响特性,奠定喷水推进泵设计基础。     

大型自航绞吸挖泥船的发展与新的技术要求

论文介绍了国内外自航绞吸挖泥船的发展现状,对比了国内外大型自航绞吸挖泥船技术特点,提出了大型自航绞吸挖泥船新的技术要求;探讨了自航绞吸挖泥船装机功率科学合理增加的可行性;文中表述了绞吸式挖泥船关键技术的研究和应用。     

规则波作用下沙质岸滩剖面演变研究*

为了探究规则波作用下沙质岸滩的形态变化,在波浪水槽中构建沙质岸滩剖面的演变过程。发现在规则波作用下,沙质岸滩会出现沙坝峰,存在从单一沙坝峰到双沙坝峰的演变过程,且沙坝形成后并非静止不动,而是随时间变化存在离岸和向岸的往复运动。探究水深、周期和植被覆盖对沙质岸滩变化的影响,对其最大冲刷深度、最大淤积深度、冲刷面积和淤积面积进行讨论分析。结果显示,水深的增大会导致沙坝向岸运动,周期的增大会导致岸滩趋于紊乱,植被覆盖对岸滩有稳定作用。     

基于发光反光高性能涂料的隧道照明安全与节能技术应用研究

为解决公路隧道照明节能压力和品质提升之间的矛盾问题,采用新型发光反光高性能涂料用于隧道涂装。通过模拟分析不同涂装方案对路面亮度、亮度均匀度及目标物亮度的增益作用得到适用于工程的应用方案。依托工程应用效果表明,采用发光反光高性能涂料涂装后,隧道行车安全性和舒适性程度更高,所用方案可降低隧道照明年运营能耗在20%以上。本技术对提升隧道照明安全和节能水平、推动隧道提质升级具有促进作用。     

Estimating the robustness of questionnaire results: lessons from a mixed-mode survey of expectations for tele-working and road-based business travel

The robustness of questionnaire results to various forms of bias are explored in the context of a dual-mode (web and hardcopy) survey of employers’ anticipations of levels of employee commuting and business travel activity under a range of future ICT scenarios. The questionnaire incorporated several innovative features which, together with the dual-mode format, allowed an unusually wide range of analyses. For example: the robustness of respondents’ opinions was tested by examining the effect of incorporating alternative versions of a briefing text, one being very positive and one very negative, about the role of ICT; instrument bias was identified via detailed comparison of the results from the two versions of the questionnaire; and the impact of exogenous factors which are often ignored or taken as constant was assessed via special supplementary questions. Analysis showed that the robustness of opinions and expectations varied and was influenced by respondent characteristics, and that results from the two versions of the questionnaire differed significantly. It is concluded that opinions and expectations are less robust, and questionnaire results are more subject to bias and myopic interpretation, than is generally recognised and that web-based surveys seem particularly vulnerable to sampling bias. Methods are suggested for measuring robustness, for reducing bias and for validating and contextualising results. The use of contrasting briefing texts is recommended as a means of establishing the robustness of opinions and expectations while supplementary questions are recommended for validating and contextualising SP and SE exercises.

Comparative analysis of household car,motorcycle and bicycle ownership between Osaka metropolitan area,Japan and Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

The interactions among different types of vehicle ownership including car, motorcycle and bicycle are examined by developing simultaneous vehicle ownership models in this study. Large scale person trip survey data for Osaka metropolitan area, Japan and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are used for empirical analysis. The results suggest that population density at residential area significantly and negatively affects car ownership for both areas, and that the effects are larger for Osaka metropolitan area than for Kuala Lumpur. Also, bicycle ownership becomes higher at higher population density area for Osaka area, while higher at lower population density area for Kuala Lumpur, which represents the different usage patterns of bicycle between the two areas.

Time taken for residents to adopt a new public transport service: examining heterogeneity through duration modelling

When a new public transport service is introduced it would be valuable for public authorities, financing organisations and transport operators to know how long it will take for people to start to use the service and what factors influence this. This paper presents results from research analysing the time taken for residents living close to a new guided bus service to start to use (or adopt) the service. Data was obtained from a sample of residents on whether they used the new service and the number of weeks after the service was introduced before they first used it. Duration modelling has been used to analyse how the likelihood of starting to use the new service changes over time (after the introduction of the service) and to examine what factors influence this. It is found that residents who have not used the new service are increasingly unlikely to use it as time passes. Those residents gaining greater accessibility benefits from the new service are found to be quicker to use the service, although the size of this effect is modest compared to that of other between-resident differences. Allowance for the possibility that there existed a proportion of the sample that would never use the new service was tested using a split population model (SPD) model. The SPD model indicates that 36% of residents will never use the new service and is informative in differentiating factors that influence whether Route 20 is used and when it is used.

Second best toll and capacity optimisation in networks: solution algorithm and policy implications

This paper looks at the first and second best jointly optimal toll and road capacity investment problems from both policy and technical oriented perspectives. On the technical side, the paper investigates the applicability of the constraint cutting algorithm for solving the second best problem under elastic demand which is formulated as a bilevel programming problem. The approach is shown to perform well despite several problems encountered by our previous work in Shepherd and Sumalee (Netw. Spat. Econ., 4(2): 161–179, 2004). The paper then applies the algorithm to a small sized network to investigate the policy implications of the first and second best cases. This policy analysis demonstrates that the joint first best structure is to invest in the most direct routes while reducing capacities elsewhere. Whilst unrealistic this acts as a useful benchmark. The results also show that certain second best policies can achieve a high proportion of the first best benefits while in general generating a revenue surplus. We also show that unless costs of capacity are known to be low then second best tolls will be affected and so should be analysed in conjunction with investments in the network.

Identifying optimal data aggregation interval sizes for link and corridor travel time estimation and forecasting

With the recent increase in the deployment of ITS technologies in urban areas throughout the world, traffic management centers have the ability to obtain and archive large amounts of data on the traffic system. These data can be used to estimate current conditions and predict future conditions on the roadway network. A general solution methodology for identifying the optimal aggregation interval sizes for four scenarios is proposed in this article: (1) link travel time estimation, (2) corridor/route travel time estimation, (3) link travel time forecasting, and (4) corridor/route travel time forecasting. The methodology explicitly considers traffic dynamics and frequency of observations. A formulation based on mean square error (MSE) is developed for each of the scenarios and interpreted from a traffic flow perspective. The methodology for estimating the optimal aggregation size is based on (1) the tradeoff between the estimated mean square error of prediction and the variance of the predictor, (2) the differences between estimation and forecasting, and (3) the direct consideration of the correlation between link travel time for corridor/route estimation and forecasting. The proposed methods are demonstrated using travel time data from Houston, Texas, that were collected as part of the automatic vehicle identification (AVI) system of the Houston Transtar system. It was found that the optimal aggregation size is a function of the application and traffic condition.