Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

CRH2-300动车组制动摩擦系数优化试验研究

对CRH2-300型动车组制动减速度试验情况和摩擦系数利用优化方案作了介绍。对武广客运专线进行的摩擦系数利用方案试验结果进行了分析和总结,并与原方案试验结果进行了对比。试验结果表明,摩擦系数优化方案可行。     

三轴应力下黏性土的微结构及其演化规律

利用河海大学自行研制的岩土材料微细结构光学测试系统,进行三轴应力下黏性土微结构特征参数的定量分析,研究三轴应力作用下黏性土微结构的演化规律及其力学特性。研究结果表明:重塑黏性土样在围压较低时,以均匀性破坏为主,局部化变形破坏为辅;荷载作用下,颗粒或孔隙的聚合和崩解同时发生,没有那种过程占据明显的优势;压缩过程中,颗粒所占面积增加,孔隙所占面积减小;颗粒的初始扁圆度越高,压缩过程中颗粒圆度值降低幅度越大,颗粒形状变化也越明显;随着制样含水量的提高,颗粒圆度不断增大,其空间排列变得紧密;随着具有微膨胀特性的黏性土含水量的增加,土体的强度显著下降,加载后的应变率增大。     

PC连续刚构桥施工控制系统参数识别

系统参数误差是引起PC连续刚构桥悬臂施工控制误差的主要因素之一,因此消除系统参数误差是施工控制的关键所在.酉水河大桥施工监控系统参数识别过程表明,参数识别有利于施工参数的重点监测与调控.     

港口供电系统改进

目前港口供电系统存在体积大、结构设置不合理和不适应环境等问题,经研究提出了减小体积、优化系统配置、提高箱变安全性和环境适应性等相应对策,在研究的基础上设计了一种新型箱式变电站,解决了目前港口供电系统存在的不足.     

铁路专用线视频监控系统的研究

介绍一种与车号识别相结合的视频监控系统,描述系统构成和功能.     

热油泵机械密封泄漏原因及对策

冷却系统结垢后,摩擦副端面温度过高,这是导致热油泵机械密封失败的根本原因.采取软化水夹套冷却和新增静环背冷等措施,可降低摩擦副端面温度,从而解决密封泄漏的问题.     

浅谈冷藏集装箱船货舱通风设计

本文介绍了风冷和水冷两种冷藏集装箱船的货舱通风设计。     

城市轨道交通安全动态追踪与评价系统研究

阐述了城市轨道交通安全追踪与评价系统的总体结构及其主要功能,并对系统的实现及需解决的问题进行了研究。     

区域性轨道交通线网规划评价指标体系探讨

区域性轨道交通线网评价与公路网、公交网络的评价体系存在一定不同。在分析了我国现有的区域性轨道交通线网规划评价体系的基础上,阐述了评价指标体系选取的原则及方法;通过对各项指标进行分析比较,定性和定量相结合,利用目标层次分类展开法,建立了一套适用于区域性轨道交通线网规划的综合评价指标体系。