Online channel strategies under different offline channel power structures for the Belt and Road of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the online channel strategies adopted by Chinese manufacturers with regard to the Belt and Road. It also investigates the effect of offline channel power structures and maritime transportation costs on online channel mode selection and pricing strategies. The offline channel power structures are classified into three types, namely, Chinese manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) structure, vertical Nash (VN) structure, and foreign retailer Stackelberg (RS) structure. Furthermore, a game model is developed among the Chinese manufacturer, foreign retailer, and cross-border e-tailer to investigate the interactions among offline channel power structures, maritime transportation costs, and Chinese manufacturers’ online channel mode selection. The results show that Chinese manufacturers’ preferences for the online agency selling mode increases correspondingly with the decrease in their market position and bargaining power. Moreover, foreign retailers can obtain higher profits in the online agency selling mode under the VN structure. However, the level of profit for foreign retailers depends on the intensity of their competition with cross-border e-tailers under the MS and RS structures. Finally, consumers in countries along the Belt and Road can obtain a higher surplus in the online agency selling mode under all of the structures.     

3洞小净距隧道围岩压力计算方法

针对3洞小净距隧道围岩压力计算问题,基于普氏平衡拱理论,将围岩压力看作单洞隧道的基本压力与相邻隧道开挖引起的附加压力之和,提出适用于3洞小净距隧道的围岩压力计算方法;根据该计算方法研究不同岩柱厚度、开挖跨度和开挖高度对围岩压力的影响规律,并将该计算方法应用于确定八达岭长城站3洞小净距隧道围岩压力。结果表明:随着岩柱厚度的增加,围岩压力不断减小,当岩柱厚度达到某一值时,围岩压力与单洞隧道相同;岩柱厚度、边洞跨度和中洞高度变化影响整体围岩压力,中洞跨度和边洞高度仅影响各自单洞围岩压力;3洞小净距隧道的最优开挖顺序为"先边洞、后中洞",中洞围岩压力大于边洞,应力值最大点为中洞顶部。施工中应注意中洞围岩稳定,采取有效的措施对岩柱区域进行加固。     

Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

舰载文电处理系统构件化设计与实现

针对当前舰载文电系统开发效率低、灵活性和健壮性较差的问题，提出一种基于CORBA的舰载文电系统构件化设计与实现方法，分析和比较采用此方法所实现的新型文电系统的特点。     

铁路道口信号设备的维护与监测

利用微机技术、单片机技术、传感器技术和RS-232方式，完成对铁路道口信号设备实际运行情况的卖时监测，为实现道口信号设备状态维修提供基础设备。     

透视我国中小港口发展

在枢纽港之争的背后,中小港口的发展应得到更多的重视,文章分析了中小港口存在的问题,明确了中小港口发展定位,指出中小港口发展动因及阻力,对其发展方向给予建议。     

东海大桥近岛段工程光板岩墩基础施工方案比选

对东海大桥光板岩墩基础施工方案进行了介绍和讨论,在风大、浪高、水急、涌强等恶劣天气外海海况,以及基岩裸露、岩面倾斜度大、基岩强度高等地理状况的特殊施工条件下,光板岩墩基础施工方案的选定和成功实施,为我国跨海桥梁光板岩基础的施工提供一些经验和参考.     

如何正确运用轿车故障码

结合实例介绍了轿车故障码的正确运用:一是要认清电脑故障的性质和范围;二是能区别故障码的真伪性;三是提取故障码之前,应首先确认自诊断系统是否正常;四是不轻易更换电脑;五是故障码的正确清除方法;六是重视检修后的车辆检验;七是熟悉OBD—Ⅱ随车电脑诊断系统。     

浅析我国拆船业现状与发展

拆船业的发展对国家尤其是发展中国家经济发展起到重要的影响作用。本文从分析全球拆船市场、我国拆船市场入手,对我国拆船业的发展从政府及企业层面提出了相关建议。     

贫困大学生就业分析及思路创新

大学生就业形势日益严峻,而贫困大学毕业生是大学毕业生中的弱势群体,他们客观存在着不利因素,很大程度上影响了他们就业。各级就业工作职能部门应该从“以人为本”的高度,创新思路,千方百计帮助贫困大学生克服就业障碍,成功就业。