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991.
Traditionally, liner markets have been seen as dominated by conferences on the seller side, facing small, unorganized shippers onn the buyers' side. This perceived asymmetry has greatly influenced conference legislation in North America (and more recently in the E.U.) and it has been deemed essential that government should regulate conference activities in order to curb any abuse of 'conference power'. In this view, shipowners and shippers are adversaries engaged in a zero-sum battle over transport costs rather than potential or actual partners in global distribution systems. This paper suggests that in today's global markets much can be achieved by cooperationn in the development of logistics systems and that shipowners and shippers may have much to gain from such cooperative alliances. A survey of shippers' councils in 1991-1992 demonstrates the diversity and increasing sophistication of many national shippers' councils, which devote themselves to the task of improving markets through education and the legislative process. The situation in the U.S.A. is different: for legal reasons, conventional shippers' councils do not exist. Instead, 'shippers' associations' play a commercial role in liner markets. It is suggested that European style shippers' councils can and should play an important role in the development and formulation of policies for internatinal liner markets. Such participation requires a cooperative industry environment quite different from the traditional adversarial approach, which is ill suited to global trade and logistics alliances. 相似文献
992.
S. S. Vallurupalli R. V. Dukkipati M. O. M. Osman 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1996,26(3):161-196
This paper presents a discrete adaptive control approach for an active suspension. The study involves formulation of an active suspension as a digital controller problem involving the time delays. A nonlinear time varying (NTV), single input single output (SISO) suspension model is considered for the analysis. A discrete model reference adaptive control (DMRAC) approach with recursive least square (RLS) estimation is used to form the controller. The controller is designed to maintain the static equilibrium irrespective of dynamic load variations as a disturbance force on the model. Simulation results for deterministic and stochastic inputs are presented to substantiate the approach. Results indicate good performance of adaptive controller even for large dynamic variations of the model and has the potential for a successful hardware implementation. 相似文献
993.
V. Rapoport
J. Alford
《Marine Structures》1989,2(3-5):451-462This paper, based on analyses of case histories, reviews soil conditions causing sudden uncontrolled leg penetrations, together with site data needed to plan safe installations of jack-up drilling units. Punch-through-like failure in uniform clay profile is analysed. Preloading procedures aimed at minimizing potential damage to the unit are suggested and discussed. 相似文献
994.
S. Venkiteswaran 《Maritime Policy and Management》1995,22(3):229-230
The major and minor ports in India operate within different legal frameworks. Both allow privatization, but impose different conditions. Administrative culture has acted as a constraint on privatization in the major ports; private development at the minor ports has been very responsive to the amount of assistance offered by individual States. 相似文献
995.
996.
本文在现有晶界偏聚热力学和动力学模型的基础上,根据热力学定律、非克扩散定律及局部平衡理论,溶质原子晶界偏聚动力学模型。该模型既适合于平衡偏聚或非平衡偏聚的动力学计算,也适合于混合偏聚(平衡偏聚+非平衡偏聚)的动力学计算。计算结果和有关实测结果基本符合。 相似文献
997.
本文以联邦德国农业及经济状况为出发点,介绍了利用生物制品,主要是粮食,油料等农产品转化为发动机燃料的研究工作情况,并重点介绍了用菜籽油和酒精的试验研究情况。 相似文献
998.
Alan J. Horowitz 《Transportation》1984,12(3):261-275
The growth in popularity of microcomputers has reemphasized the need for simplified transit-planning techniques. This paper describes and evaluates a single-route ridership forecasting model which is designed to fit within a modest-sized microcomputer. The model is based upon the traditional four-step urban transportation modeling process, but it is simplified by removing the possibility of multiple transfers and by eliminating the highway network. An analysis of model error shows that these simplifications do not appreciably affect the accuracy of the forecasts. A particular advantage of implementing the model on a microcomputer is the user-friendliness that can be achieved by employing interactive color graphics for data input. 相似文献
999.
In 1982, a national survey of U.S. taxicab operators was conducted. This survey sought to assess the economic, operational and organizational status of the industry and to determine how these characteristics have been changing in response to rising costs and an economic recession. Two results of this survey are reported in this paper; the size structure and the organization of the industry. Both of these characteristics show that it has recently been undergoing two fundamental changes. These are the rapid switch away from employees as drivers to independent contractor drivers and decreasing average company size. 相似文献
1000.
Roy E. SMITH Consultant 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1989,18(1):45-69
Railway vehicles with steered axles possess some unique dynamic characteristics. This paper reviews the reasons for the differences between these and more conventional vehicles and examines the results of analysis demonstrating the sensitivity of the phenomena to various mass, stiffness and geometric parameters. The implications which these results carry are discussed in terms of their design importance and their effect upon the performance boundaries of steel-wheeled rail vehicles. This review shows that a profound understanding of steered axle railway vehicles is developing and that this leads to the conclusion that a wide range of applications can benefit from their use. 相似文献