Using structural equations modeling to unravel the influence of land use patterns on travel behavior of workers in Montreal

This paper addresses the relations between travel behavior and land use patterns using a Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) framework. The proposed model structure draws on two earlier models developed for Lisbon and Seattle which show significant effects of land use patterns on travel behavior. The travel behavior variables included here are multifaceted including commuting distance, car ownership, the amount of mobility by mode (car, transit and non-motorized modes), both in terms of total kilometers travelled and number of trips. The model also includes a travel scheduling variable, which is the total time spent between the first and last trips to reflect daily constraints in time allocation and travel.The modeled land use variables measure the levels of urban concentration and density, diversity, both in terms of types of uses and the mix between jobs and inhabitants/residents, the transport supply levels, transit and road infrastructure, and accessibility indicators. The land use patterns are described both at the residence and employment zones of each individual included in the model by using a factor analysis technique as a data reduction and multicollinearity elimination technique. In order to explicitly account for self selection bias the land use variables are explicitly modeled as functions of socioeconomic attributes of individuals and their households.The results obtained show that people with different socioeconomic characteristics tend to work and live in places of substantially different urban environments. But besides these socioeconomic self-selection effects, land use variables significantly affect travel behavior. More precisely the effects of land use are in great part passed thru variables describing long term decisions like commuting distance, and car ownership. These results point to similar conclusions from the models developed for Lisbon and Seattle and thus give weight to the use of land use policies as tools for changing travel behavior.     

External costs from vessel emissions at port: a review of the methodological and empirical state of the art†

The accurate calculation of external costs from vessel emissions and shipping (as it happens with transport) strongly depends on parameters such as location, the time of the day and vessel operative. Thus, the use of a full bottom-up approach and granular traffic details is suggested. The latter may represent a substantial improvement in the resolution of shipping activity, energy demand, emissions and cost data being the latter essential for better regulations. The revised work identifies the Impact Pathway Approach (IPA) as the best-practice bottom-up methodology for calculating site-specific external costs derived from shipping air emissions. It has been widely adopted, among others, over major European studies (CAFE, BeTa, NEEDS and HEATCO). Also, it shows that due to costly and complex requirements of creating a shipping and harbour-specific bottom-up approach, external cost calculation based on tonne per euro factors obtained from European Studies (top-down approach) has been widely accepted. Moreover, methodological improvements and the possible achievement of refined estimations (IPA) dedicated to ports and shipping are strongly suggested, as these may improve information quality used for environmental policy and measures that contribute to the internalisation of externality costs.     

用于电气化铁路和电力技术接触网的钢铜导线生产新工艺

多层材料技术在许多不同领域被广泛应用,不仅赋于产品以优异性能,而且还能代替贵重金属和稀有金属材料及其合金材料-有色金属,从而获得极大的经济效益.因此,寻找双金属材料以替代有色金属材料进而对其进行制造研究,以便掌握提高其使用寿命和质量的生产工艺,已成为迫切要解决的课题.     

车轮等离子淬火工艺

轮对轮缘通过等离子淬火可提高金属的疲劳强度,因而也就相应提高了机车轮对的使用寿命和稳定性能.经等离子强化的车轮轮缘的磨耗量为一般轮缘磨耗量的2/5～1/3."ТОПАС"科研生产企业研究开发出了一种强化工艺,该强化工艺可对每一轮对作全面而彻底的强化.     

抗损伤耐燃的客车软座席

介绍了俄罗斯抗损伤耐燃的客车软座席的结构、材料、工艺试验结果。     

电动车组牵引齿轮箱的振动诊断(高尔基-莫斯科机务段经验)

ЭР9系列电动车组牵引齿轮箱振动诊断已被列入了1997年技术保养-3和小修-1的工艺过程中.在小修-1时要诊断所有的列车轮对.在技术保养-3作业过程中根据乘务组的意见建立了诊断实验室.而在技术保养-3作业过程中轮对转动的周期性变化则取决于其缺陷发展的情况.     

内燃机车冷却系统用新型清洗剂

目前,就内燃机车辅助设备的工作稳定性而言,最需要迫切解决的1个问题就是要保证发动机冷却系统工作状态保持正常,这对于每年的炎热季节而言尤为重要.     

俄罗斯保温车发展前景

介绍了俄罗斯运送易腐货物采用的单节式独立制冷保温车和大型冷藏集装箱,并阐述了在车上使用的高效整流-感应子电动机及在制冷机中使用的整流-感应子传动装置和螺杆式压缩机等新技术。     

加工中心TH6940系统数据的回装及调试

针对数控系统数据的丢失而引起机床不能正常工作的问题,介绍了一种运用西门子软件Winpcin通过串行输入端口输入备份数据的方法,结合实例对加工中心系统参数回装后的故障进行了分析、排除。     

富春江船闸扩建改造工程总体布置方案

根据现有枢纽总体布置特点,按照船闸货运量通过能力要求,详细比较分析了富春江船闸扩建改造工程两种布置方案,为类似航电枢纽破解通航瓶颈问题提供借鉴参考.