休闲新乐章SUZUKI XL7

日本铃木公司在摩托车领域的成功是有目共睹的，无论是设计还是技术都属于世界巅峰水平．而在汽车方面的业绩就有些平庸了，美洲铃木汽车公司在纽约国际车展上推出了全新2007款XL7，希望以这款中型体闹SUV写下铃木产品在北美的新篇章。     

Turbo小狮王

国产的标致小狮王206装备了1．6升的发动机，如果将其加上一个涡轮增压器（Tudbo）是什么情况呢？     

Programming, optimal pricing and partnership contract for infrastructures in PPPs

The development of various forms of public-private partnerships for the financing, building and operating of public infrastructure has not fundamentally altered the economic calculations involved. This chapter examines to what extent it is necessary, however, to change the way that government uses socio-economic and financial evaluations, whether to optimise investment programming or pricing. Ensuring a coherent match between these two types of optimisation can provide a principle for determining the optimal programming price.We begin by showing that when projects are financed by both users (toll revenues) and taxpayers (subsidies), it is socially beneficial to plan these investments on the basis of the net present value (NPV) provided by each unit of public money invested. This NPV/subsidy ratio must obviously be higher than the public-funding scarcity coefficient or else the investment would destroy more wealth than it would produce.One of the ways of improving this ratio is also to optimise the toll level, since increasing it can lower the subsidy but has an adverse impact on the user surplus, it is essential to set the optimal toll.In the case of an approved project considered in isolation, we show that the optimal toll depends upon the public-funding scarcity coefficient. If there is no scarcity, the optimal toll is zero. As public-funding becomes scarcer, the optimal toll draws closer to the toll that optimises revenue.In the case of a programme of several projects subject to budget constraint, we show that the optimal toll no longer depends upon the public-funding scarcity coefficient and that there are several scenarios depending on the relative values of the maximum revenue and the total cost of the project:

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when, whatever the toll, revenue can no longer cover over half of the cost, it is socially beneficial to choose not to levy any toll;

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when there is a toll that covers the total cost, the operator may be left free to set it at the level he sees fit, with the issue of how the profits are to be shared between the franchisee and the franchisor being settled separately;

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when the maximum revenue of the project falls between half and all of the total cost, the value of the toll that maximises the welfare function is lower than the revenue-maximising toll and must therefore be set for the private operator by government.

Thus, the partnership contract must be given a different content in these three cases of optimal pricing.

Preamble

Most of the theoretical studies devoted to optimising public investment programming and infrastructure pricing have, since the work of Jules Dupuit (1844), focused on the salient issues of the transport sector, even though this work was relevant to all sorts of public infrastructure. The analysis presented in this paper deals with transport economics, but in line with this tradition, is also applicable to any field in which public-funding is combined with commercial revenue. For example, the question of determining how the financing of an opera should be shared between taxpayers and opera-goers raises the same type of issues as the optimal combination of tolls and subsidies for financing a motorway project. This report will be focused on these issues. We shall see that certain precautions are called for in investment programming together with some new thinking on pricing principles.     

GTI家族新丁 Volkswagen Polo GTI

GTI是汽车界著名的标签之一,它代表着高速、敏捷和运动安全性。大众公司推出的全新波罗GTI当然也不例外。它的极速可以达到216km/h,0～10Okm/h加速在8.2s以内。是30年以来最强劲波罗。     

阿库拉游艇Acura MD-X Concept

亮相于2006年纽约国际车展上的MD-X．是阿库拉为庆祝其品牌创立20周年而推出的一款概念豪华SUV。今年晚些时候,新一代MD-X将以此为模型在北美地区设计和生产。     

性感毒蛇Iroc Sports Car Concept

曾于33年前在日内瓦国际车展上展出,大众紧凑型双门跑车Scirocco强烈吸引了人们的目光。随后,它在市场上的表现同样不俗,第一代车型销售量超过50万辆,在2006年这家欧洲最大的汽车公司重新演绎了Scirocco的精神,这就是最近在柏林登场的Iroc运动概念车。     

Seasonal variation of riverine nutrient inputs in the northern Bay of Biscay (France), and patterns of marine phytoplankton response

Seasonal variations in nutrient inputs are described for the main rivers (Loire and Vilaine) flowing into the northern Bay of Biscay. The river plumes are high in N/P ratio in late winter and spring, but not in the inner plume during the summer. Conservative behavior results in most nutrients entering the estuary and eventually reaching the coastal zone. Temporal and spatial aspects of phytoplankton growth and nutrient uptake in the northern Bay of Biscay distinguish the central area of salinity 34 from the plume area. The first diatom bloom appears offshore in late winter, at the edge of the river plumes, taking advantage of haline stratification and anticyclonic “weather windows.” In spring, when the central area of the northern shelf is phosphorus-limited, small cells predominate in the phytoplankton community and compete with bacteria for both mineral and organic phosphorus. At that period, river plumes are less extensive than in winter, but local nutrient enrichment at the river mouth allows diatom growth. In summer, phytoplankton become nitrogen-limited in the river plumes; the central area of the shelf is occupied by small forms of phytoplankton, which are located on the thermocline and use predominantly regenerated nutrients.     

鞘翅目昆虫 RENAULT Altica

也许是雷诺下一代某款车的形象,这款出现在76届日内瓦国际车展上的概念车Altica,展现了这家法国汽车公司来来的一些技术亮点。雷诺一向重视中尺寸车型的研发,认为这是公司盈利的关键。     

活力新贵族Bentley Continental GTC

极速312km/h,成熟的全时4轮驱动系统,艺术品般的12汽缸发动机,先进的空气悬架,还有与双座运动版一样坚实的车身骨架,宾利大陆GIC向世人展示了其在高水平的性能、操控和舒适之间做到的平衡。     

Economic and service comparison of conventional bus and automated transit—a case study

Three origin‐destination matrices of inter‐zonal person trips for a section of the Los Angeles metropolitan region are analyzed using principal component analysis. The matrices represent total person trips, journey‐to‐work trips, and shopping trips. This allows for the identification of a number of sub‐regional travel fields or functional regions within the area. The composition of and interrelationships between these fields and the spatial coincidence of fields defined for different travel purposes are compared with existing and proposed public transit facilities.