Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

沪宁城际铁路动车组选型研究

随着我国珠江三角洲，长江三角洲及环渤海经济区的发展，区域性的城际间轨道交通不断兴起，根据这种城际铁路的运营特点，进行列车的合理选型已成为相关设计单位的重要工作。本文作者长期从事中、高速列车牵引计算研究和车辆选型的技术咨询工作。结合城际铁路建设中的动车组选型的需要，以护宁城际铁路的运能、运行时分、运营模式（直通、大站停、小站停等）要求，分析了制造、运营和能耗，维修成本，国产化程度和列车舒适度等不同因素的影响，参加有关中，高速列车牵引计算参数及技术条件，提出了沪宁城际列车比选推荐方案，供相关技术人员参考。     

浅述盘锦市的城市防洪工程建设

本文着重论述了盘锦市城市防洪工程建设的范围和规模 ,混凝土坝和多功能厢式混凝土堤坝的应用     

Transit assignment under crowded conditions

This paper presents a transit assignment algorithm for crowded networks. Both congestion in vehicles and queuing at stations are explicitly taken into account in predicting passenger flows for a fixed pattern of origin-destination trip demands. The overflow effects due to insufficient capacity of transit lines are considered to be concentrated at transit stations, while the in-vehicle congestion effects (or discomforts) are considered to be dependent on in-vehicle passenger volume. Overflow delay at a transit station is dependent on the number of excess passengers required to wait for the next transit car. We use a logit model to determine the split between passengers that chose to wait for the next transit car and passengers that chose to board on the alternative transit lines. The proposed algorithm predicts how passenger will choose their optimal routes under both queuing and crowded conditions.     

遥控水下液压绞车的研制

深水救生潜器对接系统液压绞车是载人潜器上不可缺少的救生设备之一。其机械系统要求体积小，重量轻，且具有低转速、大扭矩的工作特性；控制系统要求收放绳能自动检测、显示，极限绳长时能自动控停、报警，且有掉电保护等功能。本文主要从机械系统和控制系统两个方面介绍该液压绞车的基本原理、结构、误差处理方法及试验情况。     

薄板激光填丝焊工艺研究

研究了一种新的焊接工艺方法——激光填丝焊，改进和设计了该工艺专用的送丝机及其位置精密调整机构，并对其主要工艺参数进行了初步试验与分析，提出了确定送丝速度的经验公式。激光填丝焊是对接焊缝存在较大间隙条件下直用激光焊的一种新工艺，它可以提高激光焊接件在实际生产中装配加工精度。     

城市轨道交通运营安全及故障浅析

通过对近年来城市轨道交通运营安全及故障的分析,笔者对影响轨道交通安全运营的各种因素进行了探讨,针对这些因素提出了一些预防和处置措施,并提出“预防为主、全面整治、提前控制、及时救援”的工作思路,对于改善城市轨道交通运营的安全现状,预防事故和降低事故损失都具有一定的意义。     

基于.NET框架的数据库应用模式解决方案

介绍数据库应用模式的发展过程，并以MICROSOFT公司的VISUAL BASIC．NET开发环境为背景，讨论了基于ADO．NET技术的多层数据库应用模式的原理和相关技术。     

大舜号海难操纵因素探究

海难的发生有诸多的因素,但船员的操纵不当往往是主要原因,大舜号海难也不例外。文章分析了大舜号在大风浪中所采取的一些操纵措施,指出了操纵中的不当之处,提出了可以借鉴的大风浪中的船舶操纵措施,供船舶在大风浪中操纵参考,以避免类似事件的再发生。