曲轴静态淬火工艺(待续)--先进的无旋式曲轴感应淬火和回火技术

本文介绍了一种曲轴感应热处理的新工艺,该工艺不同于常规的工艺,曲轴不旋转.与传统的感应淬火设备的操作相比较,本文概述了该项新静态方法的技术优点,即节约成本和空间.     

ALSTOM公司的电子变压器"e Transformer"--动车组用创新的电子电源系统

ALSTOM公司推出了一种名为"e Transformer"的电子变压器,其重量轻、体积小,大大减少了钢材和铜材的使用量.     

基于FPGA的MVB1类设备网卡的设计

考虑到MVB1类设备网卡支持简单的过程数据传送(功能代码为0～4)和设备状态响应(功能代码15)，不支持消息数据、过程数据强制功能的情况，提出利用FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)开发MVB1类设备网卡。这样，在完成通信功能的同时，可以无需外加CPU即完成一些简单的IO、AD等功能，也可以设计出总线方式与CPU相连。实践证明MVB1类设备网卡采用PC104接口与宿主CPU连接，具有110个256位的过程数据通信能力；用FPGA开发MVB1类设备网卡比用MVBC芯片更具优势。     

Assessment of wind quality for oceanographic modelling in semi-enclosed basins

The quality of surface winds derived from four meteorological models is assessed in the semi-enclosed Adriatic Sea over a 2-month period: a global hydrostatic model ECMWF T511 (40 km resolution), a hydrostatic limited area model LAMBO (20 km), and two non-hydrostatic limited area models: LAMI (7 km) and COAMPS™ (4 km). These wind models are used to drive a 2 km resolution wave model (SWAN) of the Adriatic, and wind and wave results are compared with observations at the ISMAR oceanographic tower off Venice. Waves are also compared at buoy locations near Ancona and Ortona. Consistently with earlier studies, the ECMWF fields underestimate the wind magnitude and do not reproduce the known spatial structure of strong wind events. The results show that the higher-resolution, limited area models LAMI and COAMPS exhibit better amplitude response than the coarser ECMWF: there is a 3- to 4-fold reduction of the wind underestimation at the platform (from 36% to 8–11%). The wave response is also improved with LAMI and COAMPS: there is a 2-fold reduction in the underestimation of wave heights at the platform. These non-hydrostatic models also produce wind fields with more realistic small-scale, spatial structure during strong wind events. The temporal correlation between observed and modelled wind, however, is highest with the global ECMWF model due to the fact that large-scale features can be predicted deterministically, whereas small-scale features can only be predicted stochastically. Models with less small-scale structure have better correlation because they have less “noise.” This explanation is supported by increased correlation between modelled and observed waves, the waves representing a smoothing of the wind over fetch and duration. Although there is room for improvement, the high-resolution, non-hydrostatic models (LAMI and COAMPS) offer significant advantages for driving oceanographic simulations in semi-enclosed basins such as the Adriatic Sea.     

Modeling emulsification after an oil spill in the sea

A conceptual model for simulating oil emulsification after a spill in the ocean is presented. This paper contains the complete model formulation and scenario simulations. The model formulation is based on the most up-to-date research information available in the literature. The model uses minimum turbulence energy as a criterion to determine whether emulsification occurs. Once the emulsification happens, the model simulates water uptake and viscosity changes during emulsification. The model classifies emulsion into three categories: stable, meso-stable, and unstable emulsions based on a concept “stability index”. The model estimates the stability of the emulsion and simulates the process of de-emulsification when the emulsion is meso-stable or unstable. The model also considers the effects of evaporation on the formation of emulsification. Scenario simulations show how different types of emulsions are formed under different conditions. They also show how the emulsion stability changes with oil weathering.     

Variability of snow and ice thermal, physical and optical properties pertinent to sea ice algae biomass during spring

Changes in the thermal, physical and optical properties of the snow–sea ice system and feedbacks between various temporal and spatial scales affect accumulation of microalgae at the sea ice bottom and are the focus of this research. During the spring transition period, May 4 to June 9, 2002, we closely monitored atmospheric conditions and properties of the snow–sea ice system, including thermal, physical and optical properties of the snow cover (e.g., temperature, grain size, light attenuation), ice thickness and salinity, and biomass of bottom ice algae. Results show that snowdrift size averaged 31.2 by 10.6 m with a depth range of 2 to 45 cm. Snowpacks also varied in age, distinguished by coincident peaks of snow salinity and grain size and a lower PAR extinction coefficient. Spatial variability of the snowpack was superimposed by temporal variability associated with seasonal snow–ice melt and wind redistribution of snow. Maximum biomass of ice algae was observed under intermediate snow covers. Under thin snow covers, algae biomass declined steadily coincident with seasonal warming and desalination of the ice cover. Under thick snow covers, algae biomass was negatively correlated with snow depth. These results suggest that thin snow covers were associated with a thermal effect causing sloughing of algae, whereas under deep snow, algae were still light limited and thermally insulated from the warming atmosphere. Our results highlight the importance of snow cover history on the sea ice system operating below. Furthermore, in the context of current climate change scenarios, shifts in snow depth would result in decreases of ice algae biomass.     

“运输基础装备和线路机械2008”国际展览会

2008年9月11～12日，在卡鲁加定期举办了国际“运输基础装备和线路机械2008”展览会。在2008年的这个展览会上出现了新的情况，汇集了所有运输设施方向的专家（工务部门，电气化及供电部门，自动化及遥控部门的人员以及通信人员）参会，是本次展会的主要特点。超过130多家来自俄罗斯、独联体国家和西方国家的公司展出了自己的产品，其中包括现代化的铁道线路养护维修用的全套装备、自动机械和遥控机械装备、电气化装备等。     

A STUDY OF SEROTONERGIC NEURONS ON PATHWAY FROM THE MEDULLARYRAPHE NUCLEI TO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE KITTEN BY USING FLU

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Steering torque control using variable impedance models for a steer-by-wire system

This paper presents a novel sensor-less steering torque control method for applications to the steer-by-wire system. A steer-by-wire system has not any mechanical link to connect a steering wheel and a rack and pinion gear module. Instead of mechanical devices, two electric motors are used on each side. A one motor is attached to the steering wheel and the other is set on rack and pinion. The motor on the steering wheel works as a deliverer between a steering torque and load torque from the road. In this paper, we focus on motion control related to the steering feel based on impedance control. Therefore, the model of rack and pinion is not considered in this work. In most power steering systems, a torque sensor is used to set impedance effect on driver’s steering feel. In this paper, we proposed a novel steering control method without using any torque sensors. The effectiveness of a proposed method is confirmed from experimental results.     

Interaction of vehicle and steering system regarding on-centre handling

For the on-centre handling behaviour of vehicles the steering system is absolutely important. To investigate the interaction of the vehicle and steering system a validated, especially tailored simulation model was developed. Some meaningful vehicle and steering system parameters are altered to show the influence on steering wheel torque, steering feel and understeer. The results underline the importance of an accurate steering system model. Identified measures to improve the centre feel and steering response were a stiffer torsion bar, a higher cornering stiffness or a lower overall steering ratio. The steering response, however, suffers when the centre feel is improved by a higher trail. The steering rack friction reduces mainly the steering response while the steering column friction decreases the centre feel whereas a stiffer torsion bar lessens the understeer tendency.