数字病理学

数字成像系统提供的智能和灵活性改善了全球临床试验的质量和一致性。Ronald D．Luff博士解释说     

Advanced permanent magnet motor drive modeling for automotive application under matlab/simulink environment

This paper proposes an advanced permanent magnet (PM) motor drive modeling for dynamic analysis of automotive control systems with PM motor drives. To enhance the reusability of the proposed PM motor drive model, each component is modeled in an object-oriented manner according to the physical partitioning of a real drive system, and userfriendly and well-organized interfaces are also proposed. These characteristics enable this model to be used as a kind of a programming library. A multi-level modeling strategy is also proposed, which helps make a compromise between model accuracy and simulation speed without structural modification of the system model. The model and modeling strategy developed allow for a comprehensive analysis of each component and dynamic analysis of the total system. System simulation results show the practical effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.     

Evaluation of low-temperature diesel combustion regimes with n-Heptane fuel in a constant-volume chamber

The concept of Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) has been advancing rapidly because it may reduce emissions of NOx and soot simultaneously. Various LTC regimes that yield specific emissions have been investigated by a great number of experiments. To accelerate the evaluation of the spray combustion characteristics of LTC, to identify the soot formation threshold in LTC, and to implement the LTC concept in real diesel engines, LTC is modeled and simulated. However, since the physics of LTC is rather complex, it has been a challenge to precisely compute LTC regimes by applying the available diesel combustion models and considering all spatial and temporal characteristics as well as local properties of LTC. In this paper, LTC regimes in a constant-volume chamber with n-Heptane fuel were simulated using the ECFM3Z model implemented in a commercial STAR-CD code. The simulations were performed for different ambient gas O₂ concentrations, ambient gas temperatures and injection pressures. The simulation results showed very good agreement with available experimental data, including similar trends in autoignition and flame evolution. In the selected range of ambient temperatures and O₂ concentrations, soot and NOx emissions were simultaneously reduced.     

Dynamic programming-based method for extraction of license plate numbers of speeding vehicles on the highway

In the last decade, vehicle identification systems have become a central element in many applications involving traffic law enforcement and security enhancement, such as locating stolen cars, automatic toll management, and access control to secure areas. As a method of vehicle identification, license plate recognition (LPR) systems play an important role and a number of such techniques have been proposed. In this paper, we describe a method for segmenting the main numeric characters on a license plate by introducing dynamic programming (DP) that optimizes the functionality describing the distribution of the intervals between characters, the alignment of the characters, and the threshold difference used to extract the character blobs. The proposed method functions very rapidly by applying the bottom-up approach of the DP algorithm and also robustly by minimizing the use of environment-dependent image features such as color and edges.     

Durability improvement of automotive V-belt pulley

Improving the durability of an automotive V-belt pulley, which is commonly used in an automotive powertrain to transfer power to other parts, is discussed. Fatigue life of the original V-belt pulley is predicted based on damage analysis by finite element analysis (FEA). Stress history of the pulley during operation was found by performing consecutive static analyses on the pulley as the pulley rotates. Assembly load (due to the tightening of the bolts) and operation load were considered to describe the actual load conditions in a durability test. The contact condition from the belt was calculated and applied to the surface of the pulley. Static analyses at 36 different positions of the pulley, every ten degrees of rotation, were performed to determine the stress history of the pulley during operation. Using stress history data calculated from FE analysis, damage over one rotation of the pulley was calculated and fatigue life, in number of rotations to failure, was estimated. An improvement to the durability of the pulley was investigated by modifying the design of the pulley using FE analysis results. Durability tests for the pulleys used in the analysis were carried out to verify the analytical results. Comparison between analysis and experimental results showed that analytical results correlated with the experimental results closely.     

适应性之动态测重站控制策略(英文)

公路管理机构常用动态测重技术(WIM)来减少车辆滞留和执行超重车辆通行法.一般的做法是采用固定阈值(即合法重量极值)来初步过滤和分类车辆.如果某卡车的动态测重读数超过该阈值,该卡车会被指示去静态测重作进一步的检查,如:超重属实则可能开出处罚传票.适应性测重阈值法能充分利用动态测重技术并增强其操作效率.当在测重站等候的车辆很多时,阈值将增大,以避免测站阻塞,同时仍然可以逮住严重超重的违规车辆.当等候车辆少时,该阈值降低,以尽量多地检查车辆.主要阐述对适应性测重法的操作和设计的估算,并建立了一个高速路匝道出口动态测重站的微观模拟模型.然后,模拟和测试了动态阈值调节策略.结果表明,在广泛的条件下,适应性法总是优于传统的静态阈值操作法.在交通流量需求很大条件下,该算法抓住的超重卡车比静态操作的多44%以上,同时,其平均车辆滞留只为在静态操作情况下的30%.换句话说,所提出的适应性测重法更有效地控制了超重并满足了交通流量的要求.     

Modeling and verification of heavy-duty truck drivers’ car-following characteristics

In order to capture drivers’ car-following characteristics and apply this information to the design of an Adaptive Cruise Control algorithm, this paper builds a driver car-following model with vehicle speed-dependent control gains. Proposed for use with heavy-duty truck drivers, we introduced the concept of driver sensitivity to tracking errors, identified driver’s sensitivity to tracking errors and analyzed quantitatively the relationship between control gain and vehicle speed. To model the driver characteristics precisely and concisely, a SVE/SDE (Sensitivity to Velocity Error/Sensitivity to Distance Error) based linear car-following model was built and a nonlinear optimization algorithm was adopted to identify the model parameters. When validating the model accurancy, we proposed a comparative verification method based on hypothesis-testing theory here to reduce the influence of randomicity in the drivers’ manipulation. The modeling and verification indicate that the proposed car-following model is superior to the tranditional linear car-following model, but its structure still approximates linear, which implies it is applicable for the design of a vehicular following controller.     

Partial range scaling method based washout algorithm for a vehicle driving simulator and its evaluation

Unlike an actual vehicle, a vehicle driving simulator (VDS) has limited kinematics, workspace, and bounded dynamic characteristics making it very difficult to simulate dynamic motions of an actual vehicle. To solve these problems, a washout algorithm was developed. The developed algorithm restricts the workspace of the VDS to within the kinematic limit and makes the person driving the VDS perceive movement of an actual vehicle. However, the classic washout algorithm contains several problems, such as time delay and the generation of a wrong motion signal caused by characteristics of the filters. So the driver feels “simulator sickness,” such as fatigue, nausea, headache and so on because of differences between the sense of movement of the VDS and that of a real vehicle. In this paper, a partial range scaling method based washout algorithm, including a tilt coordination system, is developed to enhance the perception of motion and reduce simulator sickness. It is verified by a simulation, a survey, and a bio signal analysis using an electrocardiogram (ECG).     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.