Household structure and gender differences in travel time: spouse/partner presence,parenthood, and breadwinner status

Despite having more similar roles at work and home than ever before, US men and women continue to exhibit different travel behavior. An open question is whether the remaining gender differences in travel differ by traditional and emergent aspects of household structure such as spouse/partner presence, parenthood, and breadwinner status. Using data from the 2003–2010 American Time Use Survey, this study offers a unique, empirical travel time analysis of metropolitan workers stratified by household structure. Results show that gender differences in travel time respond to multiple aspects of household structure in complex and interactive ways. Gender difference in work travel time is only observable when spouse/partner presence and parenthood interact, i.e., in couple households with children. Gender difference in household support travel reacts to parenthood but not spouse/partner presence. Gender difference in travel time between employed females and employed males in single-breadwinner couples is no different from gender difference in double-breadwinner couples. The results call for policy initiatives and research inquiries that pay greater attention to the large gender disparities in work travel in couple households with children and the large gender disparities in household support travel in all households with children including single-parent households. Although incapable of ruling out the influences of internalized gender differences (e.g., preference theory) and gendered structural contexts (e.g., labor market segmentation), the findings provide clear evidence that traditional gender roles and relations remain operative in contemporary households in the US.     

动车组寿命周期效益分析与评价

针对我国动车组技术特征和运用、维修、管理特点,分析动车组寿命周期费用(LCC)主要影响因素;构建兼顾不同车型特点的模拟动车组及其技术经济参数,提出动车组寿命周期总费用、年均费用、日均费用、单位列车运行里程费用、单位客座运行里程费用等评价指标,并开展模拟计算、分析和评价;针对动车组购置、能耗、维修等主要费用单元,从研发、...     

某客滚船主尺度变化对阻力性能的影响

[目的]从节能减阻方面对客滚船的主尺度比进行研究.[方法]利用模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究船舶主尺度比(长宽比L/B、船宽吃水比B/T)变化对阻力性能的影响.[结果]结果表明,某700客位客滚船不同L/B方案之间的有效功率在较低航速时最大差异仅为150 W,在较高航速时最大差异增大到1300 W;不同B/T方案之间的...     

基于MIDAS的大体积混凝土冷却水管布置方案研究

为有效发挥大体积混凝土结构中冷却水管的控温作用,利用有限元软件MIDAS/CIVIL,对埋设冷却水管的大体积混凝土的温度场进行计算,分析水管布置形式,水管直径、管距、长度,冷却水流量等因素对温度场的影响,并综合考虑冷却效率和施工成本,提出较为合理的冷却水管布置方案。     

三峡水库变动回水区泥沙冲淤特性分析

依据三峡蓄水后变动回水区的实测资料,初步分析了三峡水库175m正常蓄水下变动回水区输沙过程及该河段冲淤特性,揭示了航道调整的内在机理,总结了水沙条件变化和河段冲淤规律。结果可为减少变动回水区的泥沙淤积及淤沙浅滩的治理提供科学依据。     

分离卸荷式板桩码头原型观测技术研究

根据分离卸荷式板桩码头的结构特点,结合唐山港京唐港区20#~22#泊位现场观测实例,详细介绍分离卸荷式板桩码头的观测技术、观测内容、仪器的选型及现场安装的研究情况。研究结果可对分离卸荷式板桩码头的原型观测方法提供参考。     

水泥深层搅拌桩室内配合比试验研究

通过对水泥土室内配合比的一系列试验,探讨了不同水泥类型、不同水泥掺入量、不同龄期对水泥土无侧限抗压强度的影响,得出不同因素对强度的影响规律,回归分析得到强度与水泥掺入量、龄期的相关关系。     

预应力混凝土连续梁桥施工安全性设计与控制分析

分析了三跨一联连续梁桥满堂支架施工存在的风险,用MIDAS/Civil程序分析计算了支架结构的强度、刚度和稳定性。通过调整主梁结构设计和施工工艺,保证了桥梁施工的安全性。在此基础上,用GQJS分析了主梁各施工阶段的结构内力和变形,为施工控制提供了理论基础。     

某舰载伺服系统位置控制器设计与仿真研究

基于某舰载伺服系统的仿真模型对系统位置控制器设计了模糊自整定PID＋输入前馈控制等四种控制算法,在MATLAB／SIMULINK环境下进行了仿真比较分析。仿真结果表明,模糊自整定PID＋输入前馈控制可获得更优的控制效果。     

抗滑桩加固膨胀土滑坡的有限元湿化分析

膨胀土湿化效应是膨胀土边坡稳定性分析中的一个重要问题,但工程应用中常常被忽略。本文采用有限元法对抗滑桩加固膨胀土滑坡进行湿化的数值分析,运用邓肯E-v模型分析了湿化作用对加固后边坡的应力分布、抗滑桩应力与变形的影响,结果表明:湿化作用使桩在嵌岩部分有应力集中和应力反复的现象,湿化时抗滑桩的大小主应力均有较大幅度的增加,这对边坡的稳定性是有利的;湿化作用加大了抗滑桩的效应,表现为边坡浅部桩的水平位移、沉降和大主应力都有增加;通过湿化前后计算变形差值与实测数据对比,表明计算结果与实测数据有较好的一致性。