Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

Finite element damage analysis of an underwater glider–ship collision

Underwater gliders, which are profiling autonomous underwater vehicles designed to make oceanographic measurements, are increasingly used in the coastal ocean. As they regularly surface for data transmission, gliders increasingly pose a risk for fast ships. In order to estimate the extent of damage due to collision, 3D finite element simulations of collisions between a glider and a high-speed craft with a glass-fiber reinforced plastic hull are performed. Different collision scenarios such as impact locations, angles of attack and speeds are examined. The results are compared to an analytical solution based on simplifying assumptions. Although both methods reveal consistent results, it is shown that finite element simulations are required to account for the 3D shape of the ship. The results indicate that at ship velocities exceeding 7.5 m/s (14.6 kt) the glider penetrates the ship’s hull causing severe damage to its structure.     

特殊分段的精度控制方法探讨

在明确了分段精度控制意义及概念的前提下,对分段精度控制计划和精度控制管理过程作了详细分析,并制定相应的控制方法。首先针对舵臂分段,根据其尾部曲率较大以及不规则性,依据挂舵垂直性控制其精度;然后针对尾轴分段,根据同心度和尾轴管的定位控制该分段的精度;再针对主基座分段,主要根据基座面板水平度来控制该分段的精度;最后总结出典型分段精度控制方法。     

Urban Space Distribution and Sustainable Transport

In many cities of the world, road space is increasingly contested. Growing vehicle numbers, traffic calming and the development of new infrastructure for more sustainable transport modes such as bicycles have all contributed to pressure on available space and conflicts over the allocation of space. This paper provides the first assessment of urban transport infrastructure space distribution, distinguishing motorized individual transport, public transport, cycling and walking. To calculate area allocation, an assessment methodology was developed using high-resolution digital satellite images in combination with a geographical information system to derive area measurements. This methodology was applied to four distinctly different city quarters in Freiburg, Germany. Results indicate that space is unevenly distributed, with motorized individual transport being the favoured transport mode. Findings also show that if trip number to space allocation ratios are calculated, one of the most sustainable transport modes, the bicycle, is the most disadvantaged. This suggests that area allocation deserves greater attention in the planning and implementation of more sustainable urban transport designs.     

Modeling access to public transport in urban areas

It is important to measure public transport accessibility to help improve the sustainability of transport systems in metropolitan areas. Although many studies have defined different approaches for measuring public transport accessibility, there have been limited methods developed for measuring accessibility levels that incorporate spatial aspects. Population density is an important distributional indicator that has also been ignored in previous methods developed for quantifying accessibility. This paper outlines the research context for measurement of public transport accessibility and then describes a methodology developed as well as an application the Public Transport Accessibility Index in Melbourne area, Australia. Using the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity dataset, we applied separate‐ordered logit regression models to examine how the new index performs with a series of predictor variables compared with two existing approaches. Key findings indicate that there is a higher probability of public transport patronage in areas with higher levels of accessibility. Furthermore, it was found using statistical modelling that the new index produces better results compared with previous approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mal-operation Reason Analysis and Solution for Differential Voltage Protection of Shunt CapacitorsEI北大核心

Research purposes: Shunt capacitors are the important device of power system in electrified railway. The relay for shunt capacitors is equipped with over-current, harmonic over-current, difference current, differential voltage protections, etc. When HXD locomotive went through some power supply arms on Long-Hai line, mal-operation of differential voltage protection for shunt capacitors occurred frequently. According to load characteristic of AC-DC-AC locomotive and actual situation on site, the fault wave of differential voltage protection in a traction substation is analyzed, the reason of mal-operation is found, and the corresponding solution is got. Research conclusions:(1) The mal-operation reason of differential voltage protection is caused by Fourier transform which is influenced by frequency aliasing. The influence of frequency aliasing results in the amplification of differential voltage value and mal-operation of differential voltage protection. (2) By altering the sampling frequency from 20 points per period to 100 points per period, the influence of frequency aliasing on Fourier transform is eliminated. (3) There have been no longer mal-operations of differential voltage protection, ever since the revised program of protection came into use. (4) In the area of power supply system of electrified railway, this analytical method and solution have important reference value in analysis and application of electrical quantities with higher harmonics. © 2018, Editorial Department of Journal of Railway Engineering Society. All right reserved.     

Investigation of soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends under quiescent conditions

In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O₂ concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixing-controlled combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O₂ concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O₂ concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads.     

Evaluating critical lines and stations considering the impact of the consequence using transit assignment model ‐case study of London's underground network

As the problem of full transit vehicles is encountered daily by passengers in most of the big cities, previous research evaluated the consequence of overcrowding in terms of on‐board crowding and passengers not being able to board with full vehicles. The impact of overcrowding in the real world is, however, not necessarily proportional to these numbers. This paper attempts to specify the critical lines and stations of a network by considering the number of passengers failing to board and attempting to evaluate its impact on service quality and safety risks. The hypothesis is that larger stations with wider platforms can often cope better with overcrowding than smaller stations. Therefore a station size dependent satisfaction function is proposed, which takes values from 0 to 1. The method is applied to London's underground network with a number of scenarios which show critical stations in the network if delays occur.     

Optimization of isolation structure under wind load excitation and experimental study of the wind resistant bearing

The method of collaborative work between steel plate anti-wind bearing (AWB) and rubber isolation bearing is proposed to study the vibration reduction effect of isolation structure under stronger wind load, and the function mechanism is explained. Based on a practical project, three kinds of schemes with different isolation layers are put forward, the finite element software ETABS is used for time history analysis, and comparison is made on the seismic response of different isolated structure and aseismic structure. Comparison result shows that the isolation layer with rubber bearing and AWB can work reasonably, but further optimization on the designed parameters is needed. Moreover, the design value of horizontal bearing capacity of lead rubber bearing (LRB) is appropriate to be close to the seismic isolation layer under wind load excitation. Finally, numerical simulation and comparative analysis of shear test of the AWB are conducted. With a very small yield displacement and yield strength over 80% of the set of horizontal bearing capacity, the AWB is validated to satisfy the working conditions which provide the horizontal bearing capacity under normal operating conditions and designed earthquake. The AWB yields and malfunctions, when the maximum displacement is less than the displacement of the isolation layer.     

全场景城轨网络化运营指挥平台探索与研究

通过阐述运营调度指挥平台的现状和发展趋势,结合新一代信息技术和运营指挥业务需求,提出一套基于全时空多数据融合、全业务场景交互的运营调度指挥平台建设思路和系统设计方案,促进实现信息"需要即可呈现,需要即可操作,需要即可分析"的线网调度指挥和设备集中管控的新型调度指挥系统建设,打造网络化运营的"最强大脑",为城市轨道交通网...