The impact of activity chaining on the duration of daily activities

There is a broad body of theoretical and empirical literature dealing with trip chaining behaviour. This paper adds to the literature while focusing on the impact of activity chaining on the duration of time spent on individual purposes. Two questions in particular are addressed: first, does an additional purpose added to a trip chain affect the duration of the activities included? Second, is there any pattern of included activities that explains differences in duration? Duration data models are employed using German data. We find evidence that the number of purposes influences duration significantly. Leisure, shopping and personal business activities are affected by the occurrence of obligatory activities (work, school/university). We cannot find any evidence that personal business or leisure activities influence the duration of shopping, whereas the opposite is supported. Therefore, in terms of daily activities, obligatory and shopping activities are superior to leisure and personal business. We conclude that activity chaining and especially the pattern of combined purposes affect the duration of activities allocated to single purposes while controlling for a wide range of other explanatory variables. The results can be used in transport and simulation models.     

Up‐to‐the‐minute information as we drive—how it can help road users and traffic management

Road transport of today has a substantial need for a better information system. The European research programmes PROMETHEUS and DRIVE offer the prospect of new techniques and strategies. The role of information in road transport is analysed from the viewpoint of the individual drivers and from the viewpoint of the traffic manager. All necessary information must be brought together and a complex data‐bank system for road transport should be installed. As examples of advanced information systems the concepts of the ‘Wolfsburg wave’ for in‐car speed recommendation and of the LISB field experiment in route guidance in Berlin are explained.     

微型轿车乘员约束系统开发设计

随着汽车碰撞安全法规的不断完善和广大消费者对汽车安全的日益重视,在开发微型轿车时,汽车生产商不能仅局限于符合国家被动安全法规,而应进一步提高安全性能以满足消费者的需求,同时提高自身产品的市场竞争力。介绍了正面碰撞微型轿车乘员约束系统(配置安全气囊)设计开发的一般方法。     

成贵铁路菜坝岷江大桥主桥桁式比选

受桥位、通航净空、航空限高等因素控制,成贵铁路菜坝岷江特大桥主桥采用（140+224+140）m下承式连续钢桁梁。提出平行弦支点加劲、下弦曲线变高两种桁式方案,并进行综合比选,分别比较两个方案在外观、构造、制造和安装方面的优缺点,再从结构受力上进行比较。大桥推荐采用上弦平行、下弦曲线变高的桁式方案,该桁式为我国铁路桥梁首次采用。     

Reliability Analysis of Systems with Common Cause Failure Based on Stress-Strength Interference Model

Many mechanical systems have the characteristics of multiple failure modes and complex failure mechanisms. On the basis of stress-strength interference (SSI) model, this paper takes the mechanical system with common cause failure (CCF) as the research object. The relationship between the stress distribution and the strength distribution is studied, and the failures of components are independent of each other under the deterministic stress. Then, the concept of conditional reliability is introduced to build the system reliability models under the action of one-stress and multi-stress for both series and parallel systems. Finally, the corresponding properties of the proposed methods are discussed to show their advantages.     

Research on visual autonomous navigation indoor for unmanned aerial vehicle

The aim of this paper is to study visual autonomous navigation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in indoor global positioning system (GPS) denied environment. The UAV platform of the autonomous navigation flight control system is designed and built. The principle of visual localization and mapping algorithm is studied. According to the characteristics of UAV platform, the visual localization is designed and improved. Experimental results demonstrate that the UAV platform can realize the tasks of autonomous localization, navigation and mapping based on visual in unknown environments.     

产品平台思想——把其他行业成功的思想引入到铁道车辆制造行业

概述了在铁道车辆制造领域引入产品平台这一生产管理思想,分析了从汽车领域引入标准化加工的可能性,阐述了铁道车辆工业开始运用的情况,并介绍了一个功能强大的IT弹性开发工具,利用该工具,可允许按照用户的特殊要求,对完全参数化的车辆模型进行快速修改,并可使用标准化的程序,生产出适应用户有特殊要求的车辆。     

Skin detection method based on cascaded AdaBoost classifier

Skin detection has been considered as the principal step in many machine vision systems, such as face detection and adult image filtering. Among all these techniques, skin color is the most welcome cue because of its robustness. However, traditional color-based approaches poorly perform on the classification of skin-like pixels. In this paper, we propose a new skin detection method based on the cascaded adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) classifier, which consists of minimum-risk based Bayesian classifier and models in different color spaces such as HSV (hue-saturation-value), YCgCb (brightness-green-blue) and YCgCr (brightness-green-red). In addition, we have constructed our own database that is larger and more suitable for training and testing on filtering adult images than the Compaq data set. Experimental results show that our method behaves better than the state-of-the-art pixel-based skin detection techniques on processing images with skin-like background.     

CONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN INTERLUEKIN-18 DNA VACCINE AND IT‘S EXPRESSION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

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基于换件修的动车组关键设备预防性维修策略

动车组关键设备执行预防性维修操作时需要整列动车组停止运行,从而增加了动车组的停机损失。为此,引入换件修维修理念,在动车组关键设备到达预防性维修时机时,使用另一性能完好的设备将其更换下来并维修,从而克服了因设备预防性维修导致动车组停机损失骤增的不足。文章以动车组关键设备为研究对象,以预防性维修可靠度阈值为决策变量,以动车组关键设备一个更换周期内的维修总成本为决策目标,对其关键设备采取两级非完美维修措施,分别建立基于换件修的动车组关键设备预防性维修模型和基于非换件修的动车组关键设备预防性维修模型。算例分析结果表明,基于换件修的预防性维修可靠度阈值的优化结果高于非换件修,且换件修的维修总成本相比非换件修降低了22.2%。因此,基于换件修的动车组关键设备预防性维修策略可较大幅度降低设备一个寿命周期内的维修总成本,并可以使设备保持更高的可靠度水平。