Excess Commuting: A Critical Review

Abstract

The stringent ship emission regulations under IMO's (International Maritime Organization) MARPOL Annex VI are a main driver to consider liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a ship fuel. Research into LNG as a marine fuel saw a strong growth in recent years, but no study has analyzed in a systematic way the level of convergence among the findings presented in the wide range of studies. In order to fill this gap, this paper seeks to perform a systematic review to synthesize the findings of 33 published studies on the use of LNG as a ship fuel. The aim is not only to obtain a much broader understanding of the current perspectives and challenges for applying LNG as a bunker for ship propulsion, but also to identify the gaps and weak points in the literature which could suggest future research. Moreover, given the output of the synthesis, the paper presents an extensive decision-making framework for shipowners when deciding on a fuel switch for their fleet from conventional oils to LNG in order to achieve a level of conceptual development beyond that attained in individual studies. In addition, the study also identifies the important role of ports in facilitating and encouraging the large-scale adoption of LNG in the maritime industry.     

塔墩分离式斜拉桥抗震措施研究

以双鱼岛陆岛桥为依托,采用有限元非线性时程分析方法,比较分析主塔塔墩分离与塔墩固结2种形式的抗震影响。研究结果表明,采用主塔塔墩分离形式可有效改善主跨结构的受力状况,较大幅度减小桥墩最不利截面和最不利单桩的内力。采用此种结构形式的主塔受力较均衡,可增加结构的延性,其适用于烈度较大地区的桥梁抗震设计。研究成果可为同类型桥梁的抗震设计提供参考。     

EPC模式下的设计

发展工程总承包业务(EPC)是勘察设计行业加快发展的大势所趋。如何在EPC项目运作过程中有效组织和引导设计单位的力量搞好设计控制、把握环节重点,是其项目管理的一个重要课题。简要介绍EPC的运作模式及国内EPC的发展状况,结合参与EPC项目的运作和设计控制的情况,针对以设计为主体的承包商如何搞好EPC项目中的设计控制提出建议。     

基于湖南省雾情特征的公路交通防雾灾对策研究

在总结并分析湖南省雾情气候特征及其主要成因的基础上,针对大雾灾害对公路交通运输产生的不利影响,提出提高公路工程项目的防雾规划与设计水平、加强公路气象信息数据采集与监测、加强雾天雾区交通安全管理和大雾条件下交通安全应急处置能力等几方面措施,以提高公路交通运输的防雾灾能力。     

复杂障碍物环境下基于转向约束的智能汽车路径规划方法研究

针对传统路径规划算法中所生成路径不平滑、不安全、生成速度慢等问题,利用双向快速搜索随机树(Bi-RRT)对无人驾驶中的路径规划算法进行了研究.首先利用车辆自身的转向约束构建满足车辆运动学要求的节点扩展空间,随后采用目标偏置采样策略以及双向搜索大大提高了RRT算法的规划速度,同时使用K-D树结合最大曲率约束定义最邻近点,最后对生成的路径剪枝并进行安全碰撞检测和贝塞尔曲线平滑处理,使之更符合车辆的动力学特性.研究结果表明:改进后的Bi-RRT算法的在搜索速度和算法开销上都有显著的提升,生成的路径也更加平缓,证明了该算法的有效性、实用性和适应性.     

基于波速衰减的混凝土损伤声发射定位优化算法试验研究

为研究声波在混凝土内部的衰减规律并提高声发射定位精度,对混凝土梁进行波速衰减试验,计算波速随距离的变化并给出波速随距离的衰减公式,建立基于波速衰减的声发射源定位穷举算法,进行了三点加载模式下的水泥混凝土小梁损伤断裂试验,采用声发射采集仪采集各项声发射参数,利用基于波速衰减的穷举定位算法对加载过程中损伤点进行定位,并与原有恒定波速的损伤点定位算法进行对比.研究结果表明:标准声发射信号波速在混凝土内部随距离增大衰减现象较为严重,初始的基准速度为4745 m/s,在传播600 mm时已降至2124 m/s;在脆性破坏阶段,声发射优化算法定位点数量由4个上升至16个,占比由17.4％上升至70.0％,精度较时差定位法明显提高,对混凝土损伤的定位与检测具有重要意义.     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

Three-dimensional crush scanning methods for reconstruction of vehicle collision accidents

This paper presents efficient 3-D collision crush modelling methods utilizing photogrammetry and 3-D scanner for reconstruction analysis of vehicle collision accident. Photogrammetry for 3-D collision crush modelling was executed in two methods: Indirect photogrammetry utilizing small amount of preexisting photographic data, and direct photogrammetry utilizing large amount of photographic data collected for the purpose of 3-D modelling. With the 3-D scanner, it was possible to create a more precise 3-D crush model than the photogrammetry method. Using these 3-D crush models constructed with the mentioned methods, several applications in accident reconstruction analysis are presented, based on construction methods and characteristics of the resulting crush model. Indirect photogrammetry produced a 3-D model capable of providing approximate shape of crush with only 2 ~ 3 photos of the damaged vehicle, and made it possible to measure the crush volume for estimating the collision velocity. With direct photogrammetry or 3-D scanner, moving and rotating elaborately built 3-D vehicle deformation models makes it possible to precisely reconstruct the actual collision configuration. Additionally, by elaborately modelling the vehicle and its fragments and then putting them together, it is possible to construct a post-collision model of the whole vehicle.     

发动机轴承故障诊断方法的研究

针对EMD（Empirical Mode Decomposition）方法中存在的端点效应和IMF（Intrinsic Mode Function）虚假分量过多的问题,提出了基于互相关的EMD方法。首先,对非平稳性信号进行互相关延拓消除端点效应;其次,对消除端点效应的信号进行EMD分解,并将分解后的IMF与原信号作互相关,保留与原信号最相关的IMF;最后,作出信号的Hilbert边际谱,识别信号的频域特征。仿真结果表明该方法能够有效地克服端点效应,分离出真实IMF。将其应用于船舶发动机滚动轴承故障诊断中,能有效地识别出故障特征。