Evaluation of forced flows on freeways with single‐loop detectors

This paper documents the development of a simple method for identifying and/or predicting freeway congestion using single loop detection systems. The proposed algorithm is simple and easy to incorporate into most freeway management systems. The Washington State Department of Transportation's Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) sponsored the original study. The investigation also led to a recommendation to replace the original TSMC definition of congestion or forced flow conditions with a more reliable indicator. Although, the TSMC has recently implemented a more advanced prediction system based on fuzzy set theory and neural networks to further identify patterns and rules for ramp metering strategies, the findings presented here continue to be constructive to freeway managers looking for quick and easy analyses that rely solely on single‐loop detection systems. The Seattle Area freeway study section used for the original study was the portion of mainline 1–5 northbound starting at the downtown Seattle Station 108 and ending at the Mountlake Terrace Station 193. Several days' worth of volume and lane‐occupancy data were collected for the afternoon time period from 2:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Time intervals of 20 seconds were chosen for each data collection period. Important products of this research include the following:

• simple, and more reliable criterion for the definition of “bottleneck” or forced flow conditions than that originally used by the TSMC.
• simple, and reliable criterion for predicting impending “bottlenecks” or forced flow conditions.
• A proposed variable for improved selection of the appropriate metering rate. (Further analysis of the use of this variable for determining metering rates is recommended for future studies.

The proposed criteria are simple and easy to incorporate into current freeway management computer systems. Further investigation of freeway performance measurement using volume and occupancy data obtained from single‐loop systems is currently being performed.     

The stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link transportation network

Most research and applications of network equilibrium models are based on the assumption that traffic volumes on roadways are virtually certain to be at or near their equilibrium values if the equilibrium volumes exist and are unique. However, it has long been known that this assumption can be violated in deterministic models. This paper presents an investigation of the stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link network. The stability of deterministic equilibrium also is discussed briefly. Equilibrium is defined to be stable if it is unique and the link volumes converge over time to their equilibrium values regardless of the initial conditions. Three models of route choice decision-making over time are formulated, and the stability of equilibrium is investigated for each. It is shown that even when equilibrium is unique, link volumes may converge to their equilibrium values, oscillate about equilibrium perpetually, or converge to values that may be considerably different from the equilibrium ones, depending on the details of the route choice decision-making process. Moreover, even when convergence of link volumes to equilibrium is assured, the convergence may be too slow to justify the standard assumption that these volumes are usually at or near their equilibrium values. When link volumes converge to non-equilibrium values, the levels at which the volumes stabilize typically depend on the initial link volumes or perceptions of travel costs. Conditions sufficient to assure convergence to equilibrium in two of the three models of route choice decision-making are presented, and these conditions are interpreted in terms of the route choice decision-making process.     

酸性环境干湿循环条件下膨胀土的膨胀特性及微观作用分析

弄清酸雨及干湿循环共同作用下膨胀土的膨胀性能及其微结构与矿物成分的变化，对研究酸雨区膨胀土的基本性质劣化及工程问题意义重大。为此，以广西酸雨重灾区百色原状膨胀土为对象，模拟酸雨（pH=3，5，7）与干湿循环（n=1，2，3，4）两者共同作用的环境，开展了无、有荷膨胀率试验，并采用扫描电镜（SEM）、压汞仪（MIP）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析了该环境下试样的微结构及矿物成分的演变规律。研究结果表明：酸性环境使试样的膨胀率增大，溶液的pH值越小，膨胀率越大；随干湿循环作用次数的增加，不同溶液环境下试样的膨胀率均先增大后趋于稳定，且2次作用后的增幅最大；经酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用试样的膨胀率增大更多，溶液pH值为3和5，经2次干湿循环后其膨胀率比pH值为7的分别增长了24.7%和7.9%；上覆压力能明显抑制试样膨胀率的增长，设定测试压力越大，该值下降越显著。酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用下膨胀率增大的机理可通过微观结构分析作出解释：酸性环境作用下膨胀土中游离SiO₂，Al₂O₃，K₂O，MgO，CaO等胶结物出现不同程度的溶蚀和淋滤，削弱了叠聚体结构间的联结作用，使面面叠聚结构的排列趋于分散，微孔隙体积及数目不断增大，同时遭受干湿循环作用后，土中微孔隙加速发育，土颗粒与溶液水间化学反应更剧烈，致使其膨胀变形进一步增大。因此，酸雨重灾区的膨胀土工程建设，必须考虑酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用造成的膨胀土基本性质劣化的不利影响。     

融合可持续理念的交通规划方案比选方法——以亚特兰大大都市区为例

越来越多的机构开始为交通系统的可持续发展定义,并试图将这一概念融入区域交通规划过程.然而,只有极少数的区域规划机构意识到了交通系统和土地利用变化给经济、环境和社会生活质量(这三者通常被认为是可持续交通系统的三个基本方面)带来的广泛影响.首先,论述了使用多个可持续发展指标的多准则决策方法,并应用其评估亚特兰大大都市区的三...     

外海无掩护码头中挡浪板的计算与应用

东营港扩建工程为形成掩护水域和挡浪,后方承台采用预制钢筋混凝土挡浪板遮帘.需安装挡浪板184块,高度10.6m,单块重124t.文章就挡浪板的计算与安装作简要介绍,为类似工程的建提设供参考.     

细水雾与排烟系统共同作用下地铁车站火灾烟气蔓延规律

为研究岛式地铁车站内列车发生火灾时，站台细水雾与排烟系统对烟气蔓延的控制效果，依托西安地铁4号线岛式地铁车站，采用FDS软件建立1：1的数值仿真模型，选择大涡模拟，研究站内列车火灾规模为5 MW时，站台细水雾与排烟系统共同作用下，火灾烟气蔓延速度、能见度与温度场的分布特征，分析了细水雾与排烟系统对烟气蔓延特性的影响规律；并通过缩尺模型试验，验证了数值模拟方法研究细水雾控制地铁火灾烟气蔓延的可靠性。研究结果表明：车门间隔开启时，烟气先向列车两侧蔓延，150 s时扩散至整个车厢并向站台层蔓延，当开启站台细水雾时，烟气温度明显下降，且随着细水雾粒径的减小与流量的增大，烟层降温效果增强；当水雾粒径为100 μm，流量为8 L·min^-1时，距离站台中线3 m处断面平均温度为36.19℃，较未开启细水雾时温升降幅可达62.91%；同时细水雾使得烟层蔓延速度减小，在开启细水雾系统后200 s内2^#楼梯口平均空气质量流速下降39.72%；当开启排烟系统时，可使列车内温度场纵向分布最大值向火源下游移动，加快站台层及列车内对流换热效率，使细水雾的气相冷却作用得到加强，二者同时作用时降温阻烟效果最佳。     

乌精二线无缝线路应力放散施工技术

在无缝线路施工中,应力放散均匀和锁定轨温的控制是施工过程中的核心问题,应力放散均匀,使实际锁定轨温控制在设计锁定轨温范围内,是施工控制的关键工序.本文主要以乌精二线无缝线路应力放散及锁定施工为例,介绍无缝线路施工过程中应力放散的施工技术.     

地域性级配GAC-16C沥青混凝土在江肇高速公路中的应用研究

以广东省江肇高速公路2期工程为依托，将地域性级配GAC-16C沥青混凝土，与AC-16C沥青混凝土进行对比，室内试验结果表明：GAC-16C沥青混凝土在高温稳定性等方面具有一定的优势；试验段各项指标现场检测均满足规范及设计要求。由此可知GAC是一种较好的地域性级配，其应用效果可为国内研究适合各地区地域型级配的沥青混凝土提供参考。     

公路桥梁维修加固的方法探讨

随着交通运输事业的快速发展,过去修建的桥梁,承受着大量超载车辆和超大交通量的沉重负荷,出现了各种各样的病害.根据近年对公路桥梁的维修加固实践,总结了一些公路桥梁的病害及维修加固的方法.