Assessing the impacts of driving environment on driving behavior patterns

Transportation - Considering the role of behavioral and environmental factors on road accidents and traffic intensities, the characterization of vehicle use and driver behavior opens new...     

京沪高铁沿线江苏段风况研究

利用风资源评估软件Meteodyn WT分别模拟京沪高铁沿线江苏段大胜关43个站点和阳澄湖23个站点2016～2018年瞬时风速数据,分析2地区风况特征,为京沪高铁安全行车、防风设计及优化站点布局提供依据.研究结果表明:2地区大风发生频率峰值均在下半夜,并且午后大风波动显著,秋季尤为明显;受气候和地理环境等影响,春季、秋季分别是大胜关和阳澄湖强横风高发季节,其中大胜关沿线在日出至正午时段易受强横风的影响,阳澄湖则需重点关注区域Ⅰ沿线运行;大胜关沿线在站点1～5和12处增设监测站点,并在站点1～5南北侧设置挡风墙,除站点13～17和32～36之外北侧亦需挡风墙.阳澄湖沿线合理布设站点,并在北侧设置挡风墙;高铁沿线在沿江、湖泊等地区切变指数小,风速大,易受强横风影响,而在平原、山地等粗糙地区则相反.     

What drives the gap? Applying the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method to examine generational differences in transportation-related attitudes

Transportation - Considerable recent work suggests that Millennials’ behaviors may be converging with those of Generation X as they enter later life stages, but few have investigated whether...     

水平小净距隧道中夹岩安全系数法研究与应用北大核心CSCD

中夹岩柱是小净距隧道围岩稳定控制的关键部位,判别中夹岩的安全性是工程设计和施工过程中的重难点。文章通过分析不同围岩级别、埋深情况下中夹岩的破坏模式,建立Ⅳ级围岩条件下水平小净距隧道中夹岩力学分析模型,并确定中夹岩破裂面位置。根据中夹岩上部滑块体形状的不同分为两种情况,通过边坡稳定性原理、极限平衡假设及普氏压力拱理论推导中夹岩上部滑块体的抗滑力、下滑力以及安全系数的计算公式,从而建立起评判中夹岩安全性的安全系数法,并结合数值模拟对其进行验证。将经验证后的安全系数法应用于某实际隧道工程,判断其中夹岩安全性,得出该隧道中夹岩破坏临界厚度为6 m,进而对6 m以下的中夹岩使用锚杆进行加固。     

Incorporating Logistics in Freight Transport Demand Models: State-of-the-Art and Research Opportunities

Freight transport demand is a demand derived from all the activities needed to move goods between locations of production to locations of consumption, including trade, logistics and transportation. A good representation of logistics in freight transport demand models allows us to predict the effects of changes in logistics systems on future transport flows. As such it provides better estimations of the costs of interaction and allows to predict changes in spatial patterns of freight transport flows more accurately. In recent years, the attention for freight modelling has been growing and new research work has appeared aimed at incorporating logistics in freight models. In this paper we review the state of the art in the representation of logistics considerations in freight transport demand models. Our focus is on the service and cost drivers of changes in logistics networks and how these affect freight transport. Our review proceeds along a conceptual framework for modelling that goes beyond the conventional 4-step modelling approach. We identify promising areas for freight modelling that have an integrative function within this framework, such as spatial computable general equilibrium models, supply chain choice models and hypernetwork models.     

Assessment of Cross‐Border Spillover Effects of National Transport Infrastructure Plans: An Accessibility Approach

Abstract

Traditional transport infrastructure assessment methodologies rarely include the full range of strategic benefits for the transportation system. One of these benefits is the contribution to cross‐border integration, critical for the European integration process. However, this is a key issue in strategic planning and decision‐making processes, as its inclusion may increase the probability of large‐scale transport infrastructure projects being funded. This paper presents a methodology for the measurement of the contribution of transport infrastructure plans to European integration. The methodology is based on the measurement of the improvement in network efficiency in cross‐border regions of neighbouring countries, via accessibility calculations in a Geographical Information System support. The methodology was tested by applying it to the ambitious road and rail network extensions included in the Spanish Strategic Transport and Infrastructure Plan (PEIT) 2005–2020. The results show significant and important network efficiency improvements of the PEIT outside the Spanish border. For the road mode, while the Spanish average accessibility improvement accounts for 2.6%, average improvements in cross‐border regions of France and Portugal are of 1.8%. And for the rail mode, the corresponding Spanish value is 34.5%, whereas in neighbouring regions it accounts for 20.2%. These results stress the significant importance of this strategic benefit and the consequent need for its inclusion in strategic planning processes. Finally, the paper identifies the potential of the methodology when applied at different administrative levels, such as the local or state levels.     

Introducing Willingness‐to‐pay for Noise Changes into Transport Appraisal: An Application of Benefit Transfer

Abstract

Numerous research studies have elicited willingness‐to‐pay values for transport‐related noise. However, in many industrialized countries including the UK, noise costs and benefits are still not incorporated into appraisals for most transport projects and policy changes. This paper describes the actions recently taken in the UK to address this issue, comprising: primary research based on the city of Birmingham; an international review of willingness‐to‐pay evidence; the development of values using benefit transfers over time and locations; and integration with appraisal methods. Amongst the main findings are: that the willingness‐to‐pay estimates derived for the UK are broadly comparable with those used in appraisal elsewhere in Europe; that there is a case for a lower threshold at 45 dB(A)Leq,18h rather than the more conventional 55 dB(A); and that values per dB(A) increase with the noise level above this threshold. There are significant issues over the valuation of rail versus road noise, the neglect of non‐residential noise and the valuation of high noise levels in different countries. Conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility of noise valuation based on benefit transfers in the UK and elsewhere, and future research needs in this field are discussed.     

Research on fast detection system for foundation plate of ballastless track of high-speed railwayEI北大核心

Research purposes: A new detection method with the computer, the total station and senor technologies is presented for control of the elevation of the ballastless track of high-speed railway. By using the new control technology, the control of elevation of the ballastless track of high-speed can be achieved during construction. Meanwhile, the detecting efficiency can be enhanced, the construction schedule can be speeded up, the measurement and labor costs can be cut, and the one-touch operation and good visibility can be achieved by using the new measurement and mathematical model built with software system. Research conclusions: (1) Application of the fast detection system for the foundation plate of the ballastless track of high-speed can much enhance the construction measurement efficiency and facilitate the quality control during construction of foundation plate. (2) The detailed and objective data can be provided for the intermediate acceptance, and the detection methods with the independent intellectual property right have been formed during the research. (3) The combined test way and method are found for the relative and absolute benchmark measurements, and it fills the technological blank in this field and promotes the innovation and development of the automatic measurement equipment for construction of high-speed railway in China. (4) The detection system presented in this paper solves the quality control problem in construction of ballastless track of high-speed railway and can provide the reference to the similar project.     

不同冷冻方法对兔颈总动脉形态结构及活性的影响

目的玻璃化法和慢速冷冻法深低温保存兔颈总动脉,比较两种保存方法对血管活性及形态结构的影响。方法无菌条件下切取兔颈总动脉,采用玻璃化法和慢速冷冻法在-196℃液氮中深低温保存2周,37℃水浴复温。新鲜血管作为对照,分别观察血管的大体、组织学、超微结构;同时对冷冻复温的血管采用组织块法培养并鉴定细胞,通过细胞计数描述细胞生长曲线,观察培养后血管的活性、细胞的再生及增殖能力。结果玻璃化组和慢速冷冻组动脉出现部分内皮细胞脱落,平滑肌细胞和成纤维细胞轻度肿胀、变性,前者损伤程度轻于后者。体外培养两组动脉的细胞分别于第6、7天自组织块内长出,细胞形态结构、生物学特性与新鲜组相似。生长曲线显示玻璃化组细胞的生长增殖状态优于慢速冷冻组,两组均差于新鲜动脉。将培养后的细胞分别进行免疫组织化学染色,经鉴定为平滑肌细胞。结论玻璃化法能较好地保持血管的形态结构和组织活性,保存效果优于慢速冷冻法。