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661.
This paper outlines the guidelines being used to introduce tram priority at traffic signals in Melbourne. Where techniques being used to meet the guidelines are of interest they are briefly outlined. Similarly, where it has been found that it is not possible to meet the full requirements of the guidelines, the deficiencies of current techniques are outlined and areas for further investigation put forward. 相似文献
662.
D.A. Crolla H. B. Spencer 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1984,13(1):1-17
Tractor behaviour on sloping ground following a control loss due to rear wheel locking is examined. A mathematical model to predict the tractor trajectory is presented and the results obtained from this model are compared with those obtained from experiments with a remotely controlled tractor.
Reasonable agreement is reached between measured and predicted results - the discrepancies arise from limited tyre data or local random variations in slope, ground roughness or tyre/ground frictional values.
Within these limitations, the model is used to examine possible driver strategies following a control loss. Applying and maintaining full lock for this particular type of accident appears to improve safety; it certainly tends to avoid the worst situation in which the tractor accelerates backwards down the slope and reaches dangerously high speeds although inevitably it increases the likelihood of a low speed overturn. 相似文献
Reasonable agreement is reached between measured and predicted results - the discrepancies arise from limited tyre data or local random variations in slope, ground roughness or tyre/ground frictional values.
Within these limitations, the model is used to examine possible driver strategies following a control loss. Applying and maintaining full lock for this particular type of accident appears to improve safety; it certainly tends to avoid the worst situation in which the tractor accelerates backwards down the slope and reaches dangerously high speeds although inevitably it increases the likelihood of a low speed overturn. 相似文献
663.
Anouck R. Girard Daniel M. Empey William C. Webster J. Karl Hedrick 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2003,7(3):109-118
The concept of a mobile offshore base (MOB) reflects the need to stage and support military and humanitarian operations anywhere
in the world. A MOB is a self-propelled, modular, floating platform that can be assembled into lengths of up to 2 km, as required,
to provide logistic support to US military operations where fixed bases are not available or adequate. It accommodates the
take-off and landing of C17 aircraft, and can be used for storage, as well as to send resources quickly to shore. In most
concepts, the structure is made of three to five modules, which have to perform long-term station-keeping in the presence
of winds, waves, and currents. This is usually referred to as dynamic positioning (DP). In the MOB, the alignment is maintained
through the use of thrusters, connectors, or a combination of both. In this paper, we consider the real-time control of scaled
models of a MOB. The modules are built at the 1 : 150 scale, and are kept aligned by rotating thrusters under a hierarchical
hybrid control scheme. This paper describes a physical testbed developed at the University of California, Berkeley, under
a grant from the US Office of Naval Research, for the purpose of evaluating competing MOB control concepts.
Received: June 4, 2002 / Accepted: October 30, 2002
Acknowledgments. This material is based on work supported by the MOB Program of the US Office of Naval Research under grant N00014-98-1-0744.
The authors would like to thank the Link Foundation for its support. Many thanks go to Stephen Spry for his experimental work.
The photographs are courtesy of Bill Stone, Gerald Stone, and Jay Sullivan of the PATH Publications staff.
Address correspondence to: A.R. Girard (e-mail: anouck@eecs.berkeley.edu) 相似文献
664.
The pattern of landward flows of steel products between manufacturing works and ports in the United Kingdom used for export is examined, and the spatial implications of various levels of hypothetical rationalization in the distribution of port facilities discussed. While extreme spatial concentration of port facilities for handling general steels would seem both impracticable and undesirable, the analysis suggests that a greater degree of rationalization than at present could be achieved without increasing overall landward transport costs. 相似文献
665.
In this paper we first review the current practice of operative aircraft and maintenance scheduling at the Hungarian Airlines. The ideas to be included in the proposed operative scheduling support system mean new contributions from both the algorithmic and human-computer interaction points of view. The algorithm is based on new graph theoretical results which were motivated by the necessity of combining a given flight schedule with the strict maintenance requirements of the aircraft. Aircraft rotation corresponds in mathematical terms to the coloring of an interval graph with colors representing the tail numbers in such a way that the vertices corresponding to maintenance checks are colored in advance. The human-computer interface is built on the Microsoft Windows graphics environment, which allows a simultaneous, visual and active contact with all necessary information and methods. 相似文献
666.
A. J. C. Schmeitz M. Alirezaei 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2016,54(4):492-509
ABSTRACTWith higher level of vehicle automation, it becomes increasingly important to know the maximum possible tyre forces during normal driving. An interesting method in this respect is estimating the tyre–road friction from the resonance peak in the wheel speed signal, excited by road roughness. A simulation environment using the MF-Swift tyre model is proposed, which gives insight in the correctness and functioning of this method. From implementing the estimation algorithm and considering the tyre torsional vibration system, it is concluded that frequencies and damping ratios can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and that the trends observed with changing road friction are consistent. Furthermore, the proposed simulation environment gives opportunity to investigate other issues like robustness of the estimation method to road roughness. Additionally, the tyre modelling aspect of the estimation method is analysed and improvements are proposed. 相似文献
667.
A. J. Tremlett D. J. N. Limebeer 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2016,54(10):1448-1473
Variations in track temperature, surface conditions and layout have led tyre manufacturers to produce a range of rubber compounds for race events. Each compound has unique friction and durability characteristics. Efficient tyre management over a full race distance is a crucial component of a competitive race strategy. A minimum lap time optimal control calculation and a thermodynamic tyre wear model are used to establish optimal tyre warming and tyre usage strategies. Lap time sensitivities demonstrate that relatively small changes in control strategy can lead to significant reductions in the associated wear metrics. The illustrated methodology shows how vehicle setup parameters can be optimised for minimum tyre usage. 相似文献
668.
C. B. Yin Z. D. Zhang N. L. Xie Y. D. Sun T. Sun 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2016,17(4):591-604
In this paper, knocking combustion in dual-fuel diesel engine is modeled and investigated using the CFD code coupled with detailed chemical kinetics. The ethanol/gasoline blend E85 is used as the primary fuel in a dual-fuel combustion concept based on a light-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. The E85 blend is injected and well mixed with intake air in the intake manifold and is ignited by the direct injection diesel fuel. A 46-species, 187-reaction Multicomponent mechanism is adopted to model the auto-ignition process of the E85/air/diesel mixture ahead of the flame front. Based on the model validation, knocking combustion under boost and full load operating condition for 0 %, 20 %, 50 %, as well as 70 % E85 substitute energy is simulated. The effects of E85 substitute rate and two stage injection strategies on knock intensity, power output, as well as location of the auto-ignition initiation is clearly reproduced by the model. The calculation result shows that, for a high E85 rate of 50 % and 70 % with single injection strategies, the most serious knock and the origin of auto-ignition always occurs far away from where the flame of diesel spray is first generated, at the center of combustion chamber, due to higher pressure wave, relatively richer E85 mixture and longer distances of flame propagation. The two stage injection strategies with a small amount of diesel pilot injection ahead of the main injection primarily influence the ignition behavior of the directly injected fuel, leads to a lower pressure rise rate and a reduced propagation distance, both of which contribute to the attenuation of knock intensity for a higher E85 rate. 相似文献
669.
J. Yang G. L. Wang Z. J. Wan C. Liang H. C. Zhou 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2016,17(4):639-649
Two types of radial tire 11.00R20 and 385/65R22.5 are chosen as the research objects, and their carcass contours are redesigned by using Sakai Hideo’s, Frank’s and the new non-natural equilibrium contour design theories, which were based on analyzing the current non-equilibrium contour design theories of radial tire. Then the tire wear, rolling resistance and grip performance of the two radial tires designed by different non-natural equilibrium contour design theories are comprehensively analyzed with the finite element software ABAQUS. The results show that Frank’s contour design theory can reduce tire wear; the new non-natural equilibrium contour design theory can enhance tire wear, rolling resistance performance, etc. It is also found that the tire carcass contour has great influence on tire performance, especially on the tire rolling resistance. The new non-natural equilibrium contour theory provides a guidance to reduce the tire rolling resistance, and it can break through the target conflicts in tire performance. The tire with the new non-natural equilibrium carcass contour can enhance its comprehensive performance. 相似文献
670.
Motor vehicle passenger airbags have been proven to be effective for reducing the possibility of passenger injury during a crash. However, the inflation of the airbag sometimes causes serious injury when a passenger is positioned close to the airbag. The United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 requires the use of a low-riskdeployment (LRD) passenger airbag system. This paper proposes a newly developed airbag system comprising two slim airbags mounted on the instrument panel. A series of tests were conducted using the FMVSS 208 test procedures to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. It was found that the system not only satisfied the injury criteria of FMVSS 208, but was also effective for protecting passengers of all sizes. 相似文献