Location of bus garages

The location of bus garages is a complex issue that has received recent attention in the literature. Given a bus system, the number of bus garages and their locations depend on garage cost, deadheading cost and environmental impacts. An approximate analytical model is used to determine the number of bus garages that minimizes the above costs. The concept of a slowly varying density of bus-route origins (hence deadheads) per unit area is used to model deadheading costs. The increased deadheading caused by breakdowns and accidents is also considered. The garage cost is modeled as a function of the number of buses stored. A closed-form solution is obtained for the optimal density of garages, when the garage cost function is linear. The actual locations of garages and the allocations of buses to the garages are found using a discrete space location-allocation model formulated so as to consider the environmental impact associated with buses deadheading through populated neighborhoods.     

中国经济与全球海运经济

在2007～2009年间的两年中，航运市场的供需发生了巨大变化。受全球金融危机的影响，需求减少，给全球经济带来重创。决策者不知道需求何时才能回暖。航运业的供应面临船厂造船能力扩张和订单量减少的压力。因此，航运业在未来很长一段时间将处于萧条状态。但是，有一点是可以避免的。     

高压中和喷涂CFB锅炉三管防磨新工艺

CFB锅炉三管严重磨损引起国内、外专家们极大地关注。较详细地论述了三管磨损的原因，并提出了解决防磨新工艺、新材料。在6台CFB锅炉防磨实践中大大延长了使用寿命，取得成功。与当今国内、外所用的防磨技术相比，本技术的工艺与材料有独特的优越性：防高温氧化、耐硬物料粒子高速冲刷磨损、合金涂层结合密实牢固、抗冲击。该技术获国家发明专利。     

Research on the Numerical Simulation of the Tempering Process of Steel

IntroductionTOimprovetheproductqualityandIowthecost,areIiablequanitativeanalysistoolforthedesignandoptimizationofheattreatInentishighlyneeded.Althoughmostoftheresearchworkfocusonthenumericalsimulationofquenchingt'-'],thenumericalsimulationoftemperingprocessofsteelhasalsobeenstUdied.TransformationofmartensiteintemperingisdescribedbytheAvramiequation,andthematerialconstantsusedintheequationisdeterminedbyexperiments,andtherelationbetWeencreepingvariableandstress,tempefatUreandtimeisexPressedb…     

Comparison of robust H∞ filter and Kalman filter for initial alignment of inertial navigation system

There are many filtering methods that can be used for the initial alignment of an integrated inertial navigation system. This paper discussed the use of GPS, but focused on two kinds of filters for the initial alignment of an integrated strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS). One method is based on the Kalman filter (KF), and the other is based on the robust filter. Simulation results showed that the filter provides a quick transient response and a little more accurate estimate than KF, given substantial process noise or unknown noise statistics. So the robust filter is an effective and useful method for initial alignment of SINS. This research should make the use of SINS more popular, and is also a step for further research.     

基于卷积型小波包变换的船用水位调节器故障辨识

以某型蒸汽船的主冷凝器水位调节器为研究对象,应用卷积型小波包变换提取各种故障信号分解后的相对小波包能量,建立水位调节器标准故障库,并引进Euclidean空间距离公式作为判据进行故障识别。实验结果表明,该方法可以对水位调节器的典型故障进行快速、正确分类,降低了其故障定位与维修的盲目性。     

中国主要港口集装箱码头吞吐量快报（2008年8月）

~~中国主要港口集装箱码头吞吐量快报(2008年8月)$中国港口协会集装箱分会~~     

Biologically induced differences in erodibility and aggregation of subtidal and intertidal sediments: a possible cause for seasonal changes in sediment deposition

This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year.     

Spatial fisheries ecology: Recent progress and future prospects

We review recent progresses made in the study of fish distribution and survival over space — i.e., fisheries spatial ecology. This is achieved by first surveying the most common statistical approaches and relative challenges associated with the analysis of fisheries spatial data, loosely grouped in geostatistical and regression approaches. Then we review a selected number of case-studies implementing the discussed techniques. We conclude by proposing new areas of statistical and ecological research to further our understanding of how fish distribute and survive in space. This review serves a dual purpose by emphasizing the scientific importance of studying spatial interactions to better understand the temporal dynamics of fish abundance, and by promoting the development of new analytical and ecological approaches for the analysis of spatial data. Through our survey we cover different statistical techniques, marine ecosystems and life stages. This analytical, geographic and ontogenetic variety is also purposely selected to highlight the importance of comparative and multidisciplinary studies across diverging ecological disciplines, ecosystems and life stages. Besides having a general ecological relevance this review also bears a more applied significance, owing to the increasing need for protecting renewable marine resources along with their primary habitat.     

Analysis of the capabilities of a two-stage turbocharging system to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution directive for heavy duty diesel engines

This article presents a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine designed to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution directive. This directive imposes very restrictive limits on the NOx and particle emissions of HDD engines. In this work, the possibility of combining particle traps in the exhaust line to reduce soot emissions with very high EGR rates to reduce NOx emissions is considered. This new generation engine implements two-stage turbocharging in order to improve the bsfc when the engine is working on steady conditions as well as to optimize the engine transient response. After carrying out the tests, the results were analyzed and the engine settings were adjusted to maximise its behaviour and minimise pollutant emissions. NOx and soot emission peaks were also analyzed at engine transient conditions in order to keep them under certain levels, and thus maintain the overall pollutant emissions to a level that is as low as possible. In summary, a double-stage turbocharging configuration can greatly improve engine driveability (between 23% and 36% depending on engine speed), while reducing NOx emissions during transient evolution without increasing opacity peaks beyond the stated limits.