Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

CRH2-300动车组制动摩擦系数优化试验研究

对CRH2-300型动车组制动减速度试验情况和摩擦系数利用优化方案作了介绍。对武广客运专线进行的摩擦系数利用方案试验结果进行了分析和总结,并与原方案试验结果进行了对比。试验结果表明,摩擦系数优化方案可行。     

铁道车辆承载吸能结构优化研究

为得到具有理想耐撞性能的铁道车辆承载吸能结构,分别基于多项式响应面法的二次响应面模型、四次响应面模型和Kriging法的响应面模型等3种代理模型,构造承载吸能结构的比吸能SEA及比吸能与撞击力峰值之比REAF关于设计参数的二次、四次和Kriging法响应曲面,结合遗传算法整体寻优分别得到这3种代理模型的SEA和REAF的最优值.对比分析结果表明:Kriging法响应面模型的拟合精度高于多项式的二次和四次响应面模型,四次响应面模型的拟合精度次之;但是Kriging法响应面模型拟合曲面没有多项式响应面模型的光滑,其原因是Kriging模型采用的局部插值方法虽能提高模型拟合精度、却不利于降低模型拟合过程中的数字噪声;整车车体碰撞仿真表明,承载吸能结构优化后的整车车体具有更好的耐撞性能.     

高陡边坡桥台锥坡垮塌病害成因及加固措施

本文以成绵乐客运专线悦来乡大桥(DK 281+080.3处)0号桥台锥坡垮塌病害为工程对象,通过对锥坡稳定性及垮塌原因的分析,提出了雨季以混凝土填补空洞及大锚杆+喷锚网临时加固桥台锥坡、旱季以翼缘桩永久加固桥台锥坡的永临结合加固措施。结果表明,采用永临结合的加固措施能有效消除高陡桥台锥坡的安全隐患,保障高速铁路的正常运营。     

三轴应力下黏性土的微结构及其演化规律

利用河海大学自行研制的岩土材料微细结构光学测试系统,进行三轴应力下黏性土微结构特征参数的定量分析,研究三轴应力作用下黏性土微结构的演化规律及其力学特性。研究结果表明:重塑黏性土样在围压较低时,以均匀性破坏为主,局部化变形破坏为辅;荷载作用下,颗粒或孔隙的聚合和崩解同时发生,没有那种过程占据明显的优势;压缩过程中,颗粒所占面积增加,孔隙所占面积减小;颗粒的初始扁圆度越高,压缩过程中颗粒圆度值降低幅度越大,颗粒形状变化也越明显;随着制样含水量的提高,颗粒圆度不断增大,其空间排列变得紧密;随着具有微膨胀特性的黏性土含水量的增加,土体的强度显著下降,加载后的应变率增大。     

PC连续刚构桥施工控制系统参数识别

系统参数误差是引起PC连续刚构桥悬臂施工控制误差的主要因素之一,因此消除系统参数误差是施工控制的关键所在.酉水河大桥施工监控系统参数识别过程表明,参数识别有利于施工参数的重点监测与调控.     

桥梁建设项目总承包企业的风险及防范

针对我国桥梁建设项目总承包企业的风险进行研究。应用定性分析的方法,根据桥梁建设项目本身的特点以及总承包企业的业务范围,总结了桥梁建设项目中总承包企业的各种风险,最后提出了桥梁建设项目总承包企业的风险防范策略。     

铁路专用线视频监控系统的研究

介绍一种与车号识别相结合的视频监控系统,描述系统构成和功能.     

热油泵机械密封泄漏原因及对策

冷却系统结垢后,摩擦副端面温度过高,这是导致热油泵机械密封失败的根本原因.采取软化水夹套冷却和新增静环背冷等措施,可降低摩擦副端面温度,从而解决密封泄漏的问题.     

浅谈冷藏集装箱船货舱通风设计

本文介绍了风冷和水冷两种冷藏集装箱船的货舱通风设计。