Application of new parameterizations of gas transfer velocity and their impact on regional and global marine CO2 budgets

One of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the calculation of air–sea flux of carbon dioxide on a global scale originates from the various parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity, k, that are in use. Whilst it is undisputed that most of these parameterizations have shortcomings and neglect processes which influence air–sea gas exchange and do not scale with wind speed alone, there is no general agreement about their relative accuracy.The most widely used parameterizations are based on non-linear functions of wind speed and, to a lesser extent, on sea surface temperature and salinity. Processes such as surface film damping and whitecapping are known to have an effect on air–sea exchange. More recently published parameterizations use friction velocity, sea surface roughness, and significant wave height. These new parameters can account to some extent for processes such as film damping and whitecapping and could potentially explain the spread of wind-speed based transfer velocities published in the literature.We combine some of the principles of two recently published k parameterizations [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J. and Bock, E.J., 2002. A multiyear time series of global gas transfer velocity from the TOPEX dual frequency, normalized radar backscatter algorithm. In: Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M., Saltzman, E.S., and Wanninkhof, R. (Eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monograph 127. AGU,Washington, DC, 325–331; Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] to calculate k as the sum of a linear function of total mean square slope of the sea surface and a wave breaking parameter. This separates contributions from direct and bubble-mediated gas transfer as suggested by Woolf [Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] and allows us to quantify contributions from these two processes independently.We then apply our parameterization to a monthly TOPEX altimeter gridded 1.5° × 1.5° data set and compare our results to transfer velocities calculated using the popular wind-based k parameterizations by Wanninkhof [Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 7373–7382.] and Wanninkhof and McGillis [Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W., 1999. A cubic relationship between air−sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(13): 1889–1892]. We show that despite good agreement of the globally averaged transfer velocities, global and regional fluxes differ by up to 100%. These discrepancies are a result of different spatio-temporal distributions of the processes involved in the parameterizations of k, indicating the importance of wave field parameters and a need for further validation.     

波状摆动式鱼类的推进性能研究

以开发适用于小型潜器的仿生操纵与推进系统为研究背景,利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对波状摆动式鱼类进行了数值模拟,建立波状摆动式鱼类的数值计算模型,研究不同变形参数对鱼类推进性能以及尾涡流场结构的影响。结果表明,随着波长的增加,鱼类能够获得更好的推进性能。通过对比不同频率下鱼类推进性能以及流场结构,探讨不同滑移率及斯特劳哈尔数对推进性能影响。     

3 000 t海上运架梁专用起重船结构设计

简要阐述了3 000 t海上运架梁专用起重船的结构设计难点以及通过以有限元计算解决常规设计所不能解决的难点。     

地铁轨道减振性能的落轴冲击仿真分析

建立落轴冲击有限元模型,仿真分析地铁弹性扣件、弹性支承块和浮置板等三种轨道结构的冲击响应,对比分析了其减振性能.结果表明,弹性支承块轨道通过轨下和块下刚度的合理匹配,动力性能优于弹性扣件结构;浮置板轨道结构的减振效果最好,受行车速度的影响较小.采用所建落轴冲击数值模拟方法,可有效分析不同形式轨道结构的动力性能.     

城市轨道交通自动化综合监控系统的集成模式

结合我国城市轨道交通自动化综合监控系统的特点,对综合监控系统的集成模式进行研究.分析、比较了集中式、分布式和分层分布式三种集成模式的系统结构、优缺点及其适用工程,指出分层分布式集成模式是当前国内建设综合监控系统时采取的主要形式.充分吸取这种模式的优点,将有助于开发具有自主知识产权的综合监控系统.     

工程保险对公路工程造价的影响

公路工程实施过程中存在着许多不确定性因素，使其造价控制难度加大。为更好地控制工程造价，在实际的造价控制中运用着多种方法。其中，工程保险在风险转移、控制造价方面有着特别重要的地位。此文结合实例，分析工程保险在控制工程造价方面的必要性、重要性及其具体实施程序，并展望了其在工程造价中应用的前景。     

铁路电力自动化系统组网方式探讨

介绍铁路电力系统常规结构和铁路通信系统采用的通信方式,铁路电力自动化系统的发展和通信系统发展密不可分,两者互相影响共同发展。文章对铁路电力自动化系统早期采用过的典型组网方式及结构进行了介绍,并对目前新建铁路中普遍应用的新型组网方式进行了阐述。同时对铁路电力自动化系统及通信系统的发展给予深切的期待和展望。     

高速铁路路基上双块式无砟轨道道床板混凝土裂纹综合防治技术

在分析比较双块式无砟轨道纵连道床板优缺点的基础上,提出从根本上解决路基地段双块式无砟轨道道床板开裂问题的途径是设计采用单元结构的双块式无砟轨道。在此基础上,提出了可以采用钢筋混凝土结构底座板和水硬性支承层2个具体的设计方案。另外,提出了混凝土水灰比、入模温度等施工控制工艺及养护控制措施。     

基于Revit的铁路线路三维信息平台开发

智能高铁是我国高速铁路发展的趋势,BIM技术融合智能化、信息化等手段,可实现铁路项目的全生命周期管理,提高管理水平和工作效率.根据BIM技术特点,基于Autodesk Revit建立铁路线路三维信息平台,为铁路项目信息化管理提供参考.首先,利用PowerCivil并根据线路平、纵断面等资料,生成线路中心线三维线形,为后...     

停运工况地铁站台初期火灾烟气运动规律

选用碎纸、棉绳和聚氨酯塑料试验火,在地铁站台进行火灾实体试验。在车站夜间停运条件下,对不同类型试验火源的烟气速度、温度进行监测分析,研究地铁中具有镂空格栅吊顶车站站台在停运时初期火灾烟气运动的规律,为地铁车站火灾探测研究提供技术支持。