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181.
Hub location with flow economies of scale 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A characteristic feature of hub and spoke networks is the bundling of flows on the interhub links. This agglomeration of flows leads to reduced travel costs across the interhub links. Current models of hub location do not adequately model the scale economies of flow that accrue due to the agglomeration of flows. This paper shows that current hub location models, by assuming flow-independent costs, not only miscalculate total network cost, but may also erroneously select optimal hub locations and allocations. The model presented in this paper more explicitly models the scale economies that are generated on the interhub links and in doing so provides a more reliable model representation of the reality of hub and spoke networks. 相似文献
182.
183.
Spatial Dynamics of Multibody Tracked Vehicles Part II: Contact Forces and Simulation Results 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. C. Lee J. H. Choi A.A. Shabana 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1998,29(2):113-137
In this part of the paper, three dimensional computational capabilities, that includes significant details, are developed for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of large scale spatial tracked vehicles. Three dimensional nonlinear contact force models that describe the interaction between the track links and the vehicle components such as the rollers, sprockets, and idlers as well as the interaction between the track links and the ground are developed and used to define the generalized contact forces associated with the vehicle generalized coordinates. Tangential friction and contact forces are developed in order to maintain the stability of the track motion and avoid the slippage of the track or its rotation as a rigid body. Body and surface coordinate systems are introduced in order to define the spatial contact conditions. The nonlinear equations of motion of the tracked vehicle are solved using the velocity transformation procedure developed in the first part of this paper. This procedure is used in order to obtain a minimum set of differential equations, and avoid the use of the iterative Newton-Raphson algorithm. A computer simulation of a tracked vehicle that consists of one hundred and six bodies and has one hundred and sixteen degrees of freedom is presented in order to demonstrate the use of the formulations presented in this study. 相似文献
184.
J.H. Choi H.C. Lee A.A. Shabana 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1998,29(1):27-49
In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic equations of motion of the three dimensional multibody tracked vehicle systems are developed, taking into consideration the degrees of freedom of the track chains. To avoid the solution of a system of differential and algebraic equations, the recursive kinematic equations of the vehicle are expressed in terms of the independent joint coordinates. In order to take advantage of sparse matrix algorithms, the independent differential equations of the three dimensional tracked vehicles are obtained using the velocity transformation method. The Newton-Euler equations of the vehicle components are defined and used to obtain a sparse matrix structure for the system dynamic equations which are represented in terms of a set of redundant coordinates and the joint forces. The acceleration solution obtained by solving this system of equations is used to define the independent joint accelerations. The use of the recursive equations eliminates the need of using the iterative Newton-Raphson algorithm currently used in the augmented multibody formulations. The numerical difficulties that result from the use of such augmented formulations in the dynamic simulations of complex tracked vehicles are demonstrated. In this investigation, the tracked vehicle system is assumed to consist of three kinematically decoupled subsystems. The first subsystem consists of the chassis, the rollers, the sprockets, and the idlers, while the second and third subsystems consist of the tracks which are modeled as closed kinematic chains that consist of rigid links connected by revolute joints. The singular configurations of the closed kinematic chains of the tracks are also avoided by using a penalty function approach that defines the constraint forces at selected secondary joints of the tracks. The kinematic relationships of the rollers, idlers, and sprockets are expressed in terms of the coordinates of the chassis and the independent joint degrees of freedom, while the kinematic equations of the track links of a track chain are expressed in terms of the coordinates of a selected base link on the chain as well as the independent joint degrees of freedom. Singularities of the transformations of the base bodies are avoided by using Euler parameters. The nonlinear three dimensional contact forces that describe the interaction between the vehicle components as well as the results of the numerical simulations are presented in the second part of this paper. 相似文献
185.
在讨论了含水率对路用土质量的影响因素后,通过对不同种类测试器的分析,确定了较为适用的微波传感器,并给出了微波传感器的输出电压与集料含水率之间的关系式,进而对测试准确度进行计算。 相似文献
186.
外包角钢加固柱受载全过程分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用有限元法对外包角钢加固的钢筋混凝土柱进行了承载力分析,并将计算结果与试验值进行了比较,二者吻合较好.结果表明本计算模式与程序较为合理. 相似文献
187.
喷射混凝土在隧道支护中的应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
根据隧道合同段的具体实际情况及施工工艺,通过合理选择喷射混凝土的原材料,精确的配合比设计,正确选择喷射机械和工艺流程,严格控制喷射施工质量,使喷射混凝土作为围岩开挖后的主要支护构件,达到设计的作用效果. 相似文献
188.
重庆朝天门长江大桥主桥结构体系研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
重庆朝天门长江大桥为跨径552m的钢桁架拱桥,其技术难度非常大,如何确定一个受力合理的桥梁受力体系,是该桥研究的首要问题,介绍了重庆朝天门长江大桥桥型方案研究成果. 相似文献
189.
190.