Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

09-3X型捣固装置结构原理分析

通过对09-3X型捣固装置的结构原理分析计算,并与09-32型对比,阐述09-3X型捣固装置满足3枕连续式捣固稳定车的作业需要,且结构合理,使用维护方便。     

磁浮线路轨道梁技术方案和特点

高速磁浮交通系统的线路轨道梁型式,是线路在穿越各种工况下的工程技术方案,以解决沿线不同路段线路轨道梁布置的技术难点.介绍了磁浮线路的主要轨道结构型式、误差指标和新型轨道梁梁型.在确保线路安全性和乘坐舒适性的条件下,研发的新型轨道梁梁型可以满足系统功能的特定要求.     

关于城际轨道交通的概念内涵及分类

自2004年1月国务院批复<中长期铁路网规划>、2005年3月批复<环渤海京津冀地区、长江三角洲地区、珠江三角洲地区城际轨道交通网规划(2005--2020年)>以来,关于"城际轨道交通"概念及名词的使用就始终存在争议.针对已广泛使用的"城际轨道交通"名词,清晰揭示其概念内涵,对今后的城际轨道交通规划及工程项目论证工作都具有重要的意义.     

地铁列车可关断晶闸管牵引变流器综合测试技术研究

牵引变流器是地铁列车的关键部件,主要由牵引控制单元和变流模块构成,在牵引方式上有直流(斩波器)和交流(逆变器)之分。以上海轨道交通1、2号线列车的门极可关断晶闸管(GTO)牵引变流器为技术背景,基于虚拟仪器技术,对控制器和变流模块的测试方法进行了整合,提出了GTO牵引变流器的综合测试方案。该方法不仅能够对各部件实施分部测试,还可以对整体进行综合测试。测试方法方便有效,使部件在现场维修、测试过程中能够模拟在线工作状态,便于查找故障信息,为列车牵引系统的各种检修和部件国产化开发提供了必要的技术准备。     

去甲斑蝥素在体外对白血病细胞核酸和蛋白质合成的影响

应用细胞培养、放射性核素示踪技术研究了去甲斑蝥素对白血病细胞的作用。结果表明，去甲斑蝥素对人早幼粒白血病ＨＬ－６０细胞株ＤＮＡ和蛋白质合成有抑制作用，对ＲＮＡ合成未见明显影响；对正常人骨髓细胞ＤＮＡ合成无抑制相反有一定促进作用。     

Effects of rhubarb extracts on hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons after fluid percussion injury

Objective To investigate the effects of rhubarb extracts, i.e. rhein and emodin, on the neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic transmission, and to ,further reveal the mechanism of the secondary brain damage. Methods The fluid percussion injury （FPI） rat model and extracellular recording method were used. The evoked field potentials by stimulating Schaffer collaterals were collected from the ipsilateral （impact side） and the contralateral hippocampal CA1 areas of rat in vitro . And the field potentials, including the field excitatory postsynaptic potential and the population spike, were analyzed. Results After the impact was performed on the rat parietal cortex, the evoked field potentials in the ipsilateral hippocampus CA1 area were enhanced obviously. Rhubarb extracts reduced the slope of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential and the number of the population spike significantly while rhein and emodin increased the latency of the population spike obviously. Conclusion Rhubarb extracts, i.e. rhein and emodin, can depress the neuronal hyperexcitability, which suggests that rhein and emodin play an important role in protecting the central nervous system from neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury. FPI produces hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons, probably by enhancing excitatory synaptic transmission.     

拉拔试验研究的现状与发展

加筋土界面的摩擦特性是现代加筋土技术研究的热点和难点,是彻底弄清加筋机理和建立加筋土理论体系的关键。许多学者做了大量的试验和理论研究工作,取得了一些成果,但由于影响筋土界面摩擦特性的因素多,情况复杂,加之目前由于实验设备及方法的限制,有许多问题还未能彻底搞清楚。本文介绍了目前国内外在此问题上的一些研究成果,着重分析了试验的影响因素、存在的问题及今后发展方向。     

水下加筋圆柱壳体的振动与近场声辐射研究

从实验和理论计算两个方面，对敷有隔声去耦材料的水下加筋圆柱壳体振动和声辐射进行讨论分析。实验分为三种工况：双壳全部敷设、双壳60％敷设和双壳不敷设隔声去耦材料，实验结果数据包括模型的振动加速度和辐射声压。理论计算采用有限元结合边界元技术计算模型的低频特性，采用统计能量分析计算模型的中高频特性。通过对实验和计算结果的对比分析，证明隔声去耦材料在200Hz以上能明显减小结构振动和降低辐射噪声。另外，还发现有限元结合边界元的计算结果只在700Hz以下与试验结果吻合较好，这说明传统的FEM＋BEM和统计能量分析在计算复杂结构声振耦合系统时的适用频率范围是不同的，前者适合低频问题，后者适合中高频问题，它们具有互补性。     

Collision avoidance analysis for transition taper length

Transition taper length plays a vitally important role in work zone safety operations because too short a transition taper length will result in higher accident risks and too long a transition taper length could increase traffic delay. This paper evaluates transition taper length under various traffic conditions and road geometries using collision avoidance analysis. The longitudinal distances for lane changing and emergency stopping manoeuvres are respectively calculated using collision avoidance analysis. The higher value between the longitudinal lane changing distance and emergency stopping distance is considered as the expected transition taper length. The comparison of transition taper lengths from the collision avoidance analysis and current empirical transition taper formulae shows that the collision avoidance analysis has the capability of evaluating transition taper lengths. This paper also contributes to providing theoretical supports for these empirical formulae.